Employee resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Employee resourcing - Essay Example The contrast between these two classifications is that in external selection process, employments are not constrained like corporate recruiters (Tong & Shivanand, 2005). Companies have taken up advanced methods to perform their human resource practices like recruitment, selection, preparing and promotions and appraisals, execution evaluation and so forth. Online recruitment is successful regarding fast data accumulation of seeker, giving definite and uniform information to the petitioner sand efficient (Internet Recruiting: Is It Right for you, July 2001). This discovering is further backed by Hopkins & Markham (2003) study which contends that to accelerate the recruitment process, online recruitment is acknowledged as the best practice. Online recruitment is likewise compelling regarding performing ability administration process (Burbach & Royle, 2010). These discoveries are tested by the report dependent upon the point of view of top official. It states that top executives normally stay away from web selecting because of their hesitance towards the utilization of web to seek work (Top Executives Shun Internet Recruiting, April 2000). As stated by these executives, web does not give itemized impression of their encounter that is essential for indicating their learning range. It could be contended starting here that still there is a need to enhance the discernment of top executives to make them understand that online recruitment and choices are powerful. It is additionally recognized that Davenport Management Limited, a UK firm has attained colossal profits after the execution of contracting administration framework (HMS), an online recruitment and choice regarding diminished recruitment expense, employing of value hopefuls and speedy determination process. At NHS, E-recruitment methodology takes after an orderly approach to enroll individuals in a practical manner and spares time of applicants (Recruitment

Merchant of Venice Essay Outline Essay Example for Free

Merchant of Venice Essay Outline Essay I. INTRODUCTION: A. Is Shylock a man more sinned against than sinning,† or does he take his revenge too far in the pursuit of his pound of flesh? B. The wrongs against Shylock climax in the courtroom scene. He has lost his ducats, daughter, and now his religion. C. Thesis: The absolute epitome of selfishness can be described from within Shylock’s character; that selfishness is what prevents any would-be sympathizers from being able to fully commit themselves to Shylock’s case. II. BODY PARAGRAPH 1: A. Topic Sentence: Being the antagonist and villain throughout the play Shylock must be the antithesis to the general characteristics of the protagonist and supporting cast. B. Shylock was a Jew, a not very admirable quality during the late 16th century in Venice. C. â€Å"Shylock, albeit I neither lend nor borrow/ by taking nor by giving of excess† (Act 1, Scene 3, Lines 61-62) D. He is a usurer, something that Antonia literally despises and spits upon. E. This shows the hypocrisy of Antonio’s actions F. The daughter of his, Jessica, wishes to be free of him while he cloisters her and denies her liberties in order to keep her for himself. G. Shylocks character is what fuels him, but the treatment he has had to endure has affected the way the reacts to people. III. BODY PARAGRAPH II: * A. Transition/Topic Sentence: The power Shylock has to be a constant obstacle is abused often and with no guilt, he is fueled from only the intense urge of revenge. * B. The bond, from which Antonio is tied to, has no loophole from the pound of flesh, even when Bassanio wishes to not be tied to it. * C. â€Å"You’ll ask me, why I rather choose to have/ A weight of carrion flesh than to receive/ Three thousand ducats. I’ll not answer that,/ but say it is my humour†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act IV, Scene I, lines 40-43) D.Shylock will not allow a counteroffer to his pound of flesh, even though it was offered threefold. * E. Shylock is a direct obstacle to Lancelet’s happiness and has kept him for too long. * G. Having to go live in the ghetto has given Shylock a home where he can nurture his despisement of Christians. IV. BODY PARAGRAPH III: * A. Transition/Opening   * Sentence: Anti-Semitism debates are a central theme, and the hypocrisies that stem from it are defined in Shylocks views of Christians. * B. He is portrayed as more consumed by the fear his ducats are gone than his own daughter. * C. â€Å"My daughter, O my ducats, O my daughter!/ Fled with a Christian! O my Christian ducats!† (Act II, Scene 8, lines 15-16) * D. â€Å"If you wrong us,/ shall we not revenge?/ If we are like you in the rest,/ we will resemble you in that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act III, Scene I, Lines 54-62) * E. When he is taunted by Solania and Salerio he points out the differences between Jews and Christians and claims that the evil he has been taught he will execute even better. * F. He does not believe that they can co exist and refuses to dine with them or pray with them, only conduct business. * G. â€Å"I will buy with you, sell with you, talk with you†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Act I, Scene III, lines 32-34) V. BODY PARAGRAPH IV: * A. Transition/Opening Sentence: The entire court scene is the showcase of how all the wrongs committed upon Shylocks Jewish soul will now come back to haunt his wrongdoer. * B. tries to bargain himself out of his punishment even when he has lost * C. â€Å"Shall I not barely have my principal?† (Act IV, Scene1, lines 356) VI. CONCLUSION: * * A. In determining whether or not it is right to sympathize with the plight of Shylock, it is necessary to forgive him for his revenge. But why is he forgiven when he could not forgive Antonio; for if he had then the character of Shylock would not be in question. * B. Reconfirmed Thesis: In his refusal of mercy and forgiveness, Shylock sets himself up for failure, and fails without grace leaving as a broken man without money, religion, or his precious ducats. * C. The debate of the humanness of Shylock has withstood the hardy hands of time because of his relatableness as a villain. It is harder to hate the villain when you have reasons to hate the hero.

Intelligent Public Transport System Design

Intelligent Public Transport System Design An Intelligent Public Transport System for Smart City Gurnoor Walia, Kuljit Kaur Abstract Road safety has changed into a main subject for governments and automobile manufacturers in the last decade. The advancement vehicular technologies has privileged researchers, institutions and companies to target their efforts on improving road safety. new kinds of networks, such as for instance Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs), have now been designed to assist communication between vehicles themselves and between vehicles and infrastructure. Smart cities embrace intelligent traffic management in which data from the Traffic Information Centre (TIC) infrastructures might be accessible at any point. In this paper we have listed the details of various features relating to intelligent transportation system. INTRODUCTION Cities are complex, networked and continuously changing social ecosystems, shaped and transformed through the interaction of different interests and ambitions. Cities represent a promise for future years: a vision of creativity, opportunity, freedom and prosperity. More than half of the global population has become urban and surveys estimate this percentage may even grow towards 70% in 2050 [2]. The services are increasingly enabled by broadband infrastructures, Internet-based networked applications, wireless sensor networks, open data and open platforms. Within the last decade digital technologies have begun to cover our cities, working together to make the backbone of a big, intelligent infrastructure. Wireless telecommunications grids and broadband fiber-optic are supporting smart phones, mobile phones and tablets which can be increasingly affordable. Add to this foundation a uncompromisingly growing network of sensors and digital control technologies such as smart meters, all tie d together by inexpensive, powerful computers and our cities are quickly fitting like computers in open air[3]. Smart City A smart city use digital technologies to boost the performance and wellbeing, to decrease costs and resource consumption, and also to engage more successfully and actively with its citizens. The core smart sectors comprise energy, health care, transport, water and waste. It should be able it to respond more rapidly to needs of a city and global challenges than one with a simple transactional association with its people. Interest in smart cities is motivated by major challenges, including economic restructuring, climate change, ageing populations, the move to online retail and entertainment, and pressures on public finances.[4] The terms ‘intelligent city’ and ‘digital city’ are also used. [5][6].According to IEEE A smart city brings together technology, government and society to enable the following characteristics: smart cities, a smart economy, smart mobility, a smart environment, smart people, smart living, and smart governance.[7]. 1.3 Intelligent Transportation System As India plans to take a leap forward with approval for smart cities, intelligent transportation is a must have technology. Intelligent transportation systems (ITS) are applications which, without embodying intelligence as such, intend to offer innovative services relating to traffic management and different modes of transport and enable users to be much better informed and make safer, more synchronized, and smarter use of transport networks. Intelligent transport systems differ in technologies used, from basic management systems such as traffic signal control systems; car navigation; container management systems; automatic number plate recognition; variable message signs or speed cameras to observe such applications, such as security CCTV systems; and to more complex applications that combine live data and feedback from numerous sources, such as weather information; parking guidance and information systems; bridge de-icing (US deicing) systems; etc. INTELLIGENT TRAFFIC SYSTEM USING VANETs The development of new vehicular technologies has shifted companies, researchers and institutions to focus their efforts on improving road safety. The evolution in wireless technologies has allowed researchers to style communication systems where vehicles directly take part in the network. Thus networks such as for instance VANETs are produced to facilitate communication between vehicles themselves and between vehicles and road side unit (infrastructure). Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a technology which uses moving cars as nodes in a network to make a mobile network [10]. VANETs are becoming a useful consideration due to the various important applications related to traffic controlling road safety. Smart cities saturated in traffic want to minimize their transportation problems due to the increasing population that results in congested roads. VANET helps to fix this issue by improving vehicles mobility and also helps at having more secured and sophisticated cities. VANETs provide easier communication facility among vehicles and also with fixed infrastructure. This can not merely improve the trail safety, but also gives benefits commercially. Pollution reduction, accidents prevention, congestion reduction and safer roads are some of the benefits of VANETs. The development of an efficient system in VANETs has many important benefits, to the traffic police as well as to the drivers. Proper traffic alerts and updated information about traffic incidents will make safe driving, increase road safety and reduce the traffic jams in the city. It also helps to indentify where the traffic rules are violated. Furthermore, it also helps economically; real-time traffic alerting will reduce trip time and fuel consumption and therefore decrease pollution as well [11]. So it is definitely beneficial in many ways. TECHNIQUES FOR IMPELMENTING VARIOUS ASPECTS OF VANETS The smart city can utilize VANETs by having intelligent traffic lights (ITLs) set in the crossroads of a city. These ITLs gathering traffic information (e.g. traffic density) from the passing vehicles, updating traffic statistics (congestion) of the city and reporting those statistics to the vehicles to ensure that vehicle can select the very best path that is congestion free. Also, ITLs will send warning messages to vehicles in case accident occurs to prevent further collisions. As [14], the proposal manages traffic information to be able to avoid accidents, though the information here is gathered from the vehicles themselves so no more infrastructure is needed. Also the system could easily be utilized by the traffic information centre to style an adaptive traffic light system similar to [12] and [13]. The proposed system architecture [16] is as shown in figure 4. Figure 4. The proposed System architecture [16] with intelligent traffic lights It is assumed that vehicles have a global positioning system (GPS), aboard unit, full map information of the city including the exact position of the each ITL, to ensure that vehicles can very quickly select the nearest ITL. Warning message is of three types: yellow circle indicates that vehicle is independent and not communicating with every other vehicle, green circle indicates communication is made and messages transition is certainly going on red and signal indicates two vehicles come closer and there could be the chances of collision as shown in figure 4. Inter-vehicular communication is presented based on an adaptive traffic signal control system [12]. This system reduces the waiting time of the vehicles at the square also results in decrease in waiting time at the signal. To realize this system, the concept of clustering is used to collect the data of the vehicles coming towards the intersection. System that takes the control decisions based on the information coming from the vehicles is very well described by the authors [13]. Every vehicle is equipped with a short range communication device and controller nodes are placed in the intersection with traffic lights. This controller node at intersection acts as adaptive control signal system. In [12] and [13] two adaptive traffic light systems based on wireless communication between vehicles and fixed controller nodes deployed at squares are designed. Both systems improve traffic fluency, reduce the waiting time of vehicles at squares and help to avoid collisions. The work in [14] is a survey about multifunctional data driven intelligent transportation system, which collects a large amount of data from various resources: Vision-Driven ITS (input data collected from video sensors and used recognition including vehicle and pedestrian detection); Multisource-Driven ITS (e.g. inductive-loop detectors, laser radar and GPS); Learning-Driven ITS (effective prediction of the occurrence of accidents to enhance the safety of pedestrians by reducing the impact of vehicle collision);and Visualization-Driven ITS (to help decision makers quickly identify abnormal traffic patterns and accordingly take necessary measures). But, it requires large amount of memory to stores the videos. The e-NOTIFY [15] system was designed for automatic accident detection, which sends the message to the Emergencies Center and assistance of road accidents using the capabilities offered by vehicular communication technologies. The e-NOTIFY system combines both V2V and V2I communications to efficiently notify an accident situation to the Control Center. A technique of finding water-logging-prone areas is given in [8]. This recognition technique is principally based on the following steps. (i) Prediction of locations of low valleys in a sound prone 2D curve. (ii) Confidence score obtained from the calculation of valley area. The proposed solution could easily be integrated with participatory sensing for smart cities. If the smart-phone users voluntarily submit the GPS information received in their hand-held devices, the same can be used for water logging zone calculation. This can help the city authority to create a dynamic water logging prone map of the entire city. In [9] researchers propose a radically different road pricing scheme to avoid and decrease the traffic congestion in metropolises. Unlike designating a small congestion charge zone in an area, they propose to employ a road pricing system over the entire city. Thus, the road pricing system can control the traffic flow in the whole traffic network of the city. Furthermore, the road costs are adjusted dynamically on the basis of the instantaneous traffic densities of every road in the city in order torapidly and efficiently control the traffic flow and to prevent the traffic congestion. Geographical source routing is just a promising routing technique for VANETs, because adaptability for network dynamics and ability to take care of topology holes. In traditional geographical source routing algorithms a best-known neighbor, usually the neighbor nearest to another junction in a greedy fashion, is designated as the following hop. This method may cause two drawbacks: (1) the designated neighbor mightnt have the packet correctly and (2) non-neighbor nodes are never given opportunities to complete forwarding. In [1],two problems are solved by introducing the thought of opportunistic routing to geographical source routing. A new routing protocol, named Geographical Opportunistic Source Routing (GOSR), is developed. GOSR allows non-neighbor nodes as well as the best-known neighbor to become forwarder. The notification cost of opportunistic routing is minimized by enforcing a scope from which candidate forwarders are selected. Defer timers are adopted in order to avoid confl icts due to simultaneous transmissions by nodes in the designated scope. Simulation results also reveal that GOSR can substantially reduce hop count and also improve end-to-end delivery ratio remarkably. TOOLS USED FOR SIMULATING VANETS It is significant to estimate the performance of any network in order to highlight any issues that may exist; the most appropriate way to accomplish this task is therefore to deploy simulations that provide the closest results to real-world annotations. Various simulation tools have been used to evaluate and simulate the performance of routing protocols in VANET. 5.1 Network simulator (NS2 and NS3 ) The NS-2 provides significant support for the simulation of TCP, routing and multicast protocols over wired and wireless networks. The NS-2 simulator is written in C++ with an OTcl (Object Tool Command Language) interpreter as a command and configuration interface. C++ is fast to run but slower to change, making it appropriate for use in comprehensive protocol implementation. NS3 is exclusively written in C++ and it is available for different platform such as Windows, Linux, Unix and OSX, with the coding limited to only a few hundred lines as opposed to 300,000 lines for NS-2. For the sake of huge network simulation,NS3 has come to support distributed and federated simulation tasks. NS-3 is free software available for researchers and developers in order to simulate internet protocols and huge systems in a controlled environment. 5.2 GlomoSim GlomoSim was developed to simulate wireless network simulation. It was coded in Parsec, in which all new protocols need to be described. GlomoSim has the ability to run on SMP (shared-memory symmetric processor: memory simultaneously accessible by all programs) and to assist in dividing the network into separate modules, each running as a distinct process. This decreases the load on the CPU by dividing its workload. GlomoSim supports multiple wireless technologies. GlomoSim was developed to support million of nodes as a single simulation. 5.3 MOVE The mobility model generator for vehicular networks is based on the Java programming language and is built on SUMO (Simulation of urban mobility). MOVE has greater consideration of traffic levels supported by GUI facilities. Mobility trace files can be generated from the Google Earth or TIGER databases. Custom (random and user) graphs a real so supported, although the node movement is constrained to a grid in a random graph. 5.4 TraNs TraNs (traffic and network simulator environment) is based on Java with a visualization tool to integrate SUMO and NS-2 and is specially designed for VANET (Traffic and network simulation environment) in a single module to support vehicular simulation. This can be accomplished by converting traffic files in to a dump file by SUMO. This file can then be read by NS-2. 5.5 VANET MobiSim VANET MobiSim was developed to overcome the limitations of CanuMobiSim. It supports car-to-car and car-to- infrastructure communications, which support stop signs, traffic lights and activities based macro-mobility with the support of human mobility dynamics. TIGER, GDF and random and custom topology are used to obtain road and traffic topology. Vanet MobiSim uses a parser to obtain the topology from GDF or TIGER. 5.6 NCTUns NCTUns (National Chiao Tung University Network Simulator) (WangandLin,2008) is built using C++ programming language with a high level of GUI support. The user has less need to be concerned about code complexity. NCTUns combines the traffic and network simulators in a single module, making a distinct vehicular network environment available. NCTUns supports the ITS (intelligent transport system) environment by using automatic road assignment supported by the SHARPE-format map file. Vehicle movement can be controlled automatically. FUTURE WORK and CONCLUSION In previous work researchers have designed a smart city framework for VANETs including intelligent traffic lights (ITLs) that transmit warning messages and traffic statistics. Simulation results reveal that the usage of ITLs in smart cities can not merely improve road safety but also the drivers quality of life. They have explained the way the ITLs gather traffic and weather conditions of the roads and how they update those statistics. The goal is that the drivers assistant device usually takes proper trip decisions, for instance in order to avoid congested roads, and therefore reducing the trip time and pollution as well. As a near future work, ITLs could communicate to passing vehicles indicating where would be the free parking spots in the city. With this specific information, the driver assistant device could indicate the driver where free spots are located. This technique could use a WSN to obtain the data about free parking spots and communicate it to the nearest ITLs. The ITLs could share that information although sub-network they form. This might save trip time, petrol and CO2 as a consequence, which helps to own sustainable smart cities. Also, statistics collected by the ITLs can improve data routing protocols selecting the road that offers an increased chance to forward a supply to the destination successfully. A VANET routing protocol that considers those statistics in its operation can also be designed. REFERENCES [1] Zhongyi, L., Tong, Z., Wei, Y., and Xiaoming, L., â€Å"Poster Abstract: GOSR: Geographical Opportunistic Source Routing for VANETs,† Mobile Computing and Communications Review, Vol. 13, No. 1, January 2009 [2] United Nations, â€Å"World Urbanization Prospects, The 2007 Revision Highlights,† United Nations, New York, 2008. [3] Schaffers, H., Ratti, C., and Komninos, N., â€Å"Special Issue on Smart Applications for Smart Cities – New Approaches to Innovation,† Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, Universidad de Talca – Chile, Dec 2012 [4] Dept Business, Challenges Faced by Cities and the Need for Smarter Approaches, pg-5, 2013 [5] Moir, Challenges Faced by Cities and the Need for Smarter Approaches, pg-18, 2014 [6] Smart City, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_city [7] IEEE Smart Cities ,http://smartcities.ieee.org/about.html [8] Choudhury, A.D., Agrawal, A., Sinha, P., Bhaumik, C., Ghose, A., and Bilal, S., â€Å"A Methodology for GPS-based Water logging Prediction and Smart Route Generation,† 12th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA), Kochi , 2012. [9] Soylemezgiller, F., Kuscu, M., and Kilinc, D., â€Å"A Traffic Congestion Avoidance Algorithm with Dynamic Road Pricing for Smart Cities,† presented at IEEE 24th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications: Mobile and Wireless Networks, London, 2013 [10] Emmelmann, M., Bochow, B., and Kellum, C.C., â€Å"Vehicular networking: Automotive applications and beyond,† John Wiley and Sons, 2010. [11] Ferrari, G., Busanelli, S., Lotti, N., and Kaplan, Y., â€Å"Cross- Network Information Dissemination in VANETs,† 11th International Conference on ITS Telecommunications, pp. 351-356, 2011. [12] Maslekar, N., Boussedjra, M., Mouzna, J., and Labiod, H., â€Å"VANET based Adaptive Traffic Signal Control,† IEEE 73rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 1-5, 2011. [13] Gradinescu, V., Gorgorin, C., Diaconescu, R., Cristea, V., and Iftode, L., â€Å"Adaptive Traffic Light Using Car-to-Car communications,† IEEE 65th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), pp. 21-25, 2007. [14] Junping, Z., Fei-Yue, W., Kunfeng, W., Wei-Hua, L., Xin, X., and Cheng, C., â€Å"Data-Driven Intelligent Transportation Systems: Survey,† IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 12, Issue 4, pp. 1624-1639, 2011. [15] Fogue, M., Garrido, P., Martinez, F. J., Cano, J. C., Calafate, C. T., Manzoni, P., and Sanchez, M., â€Å"Prototyping an Automatic Notification Scheme for Traffic Accidents in Vehicular Networks,† Wireless Days (WD) IFIP, pp. 1-5, 2011. [16] Khekare, G.S., Sakhare, A.K., â€Å"Intelligent Traffic System for VANET: A Survey,† International Journal of Advanced Computer Research (2277–7970) Volume-2 Number-4 Issue 6, December 2012.

Politics, Propaganda, and Hate Essay -- What is Politics?

Politics, Propaganda, and Hate Propaganda is very important issue in our society. The word "propaganda" however, has a very negative connotation. This may happen because people tend to associate it with "the enormous campaigns that were waged by Hitler and Stalin,' (Delwiche 2002). Now propaganda has a different face. It may not be as obvious as but it is used regurlarly by politicians, companies and others who are interested in influencing our behaviour. "Propaganda is the control of opinion by significant symbols influence", (Laswell, as cited in Chadwick). There are seven types of propaganda devices. These have been categorized into a few groups by the Institute of Propaganda Analysis (IPA): Name Calling, Glittering Generality, Transfer, Testimonial, Plain folks, Card stacking and Bandwagon. Using these devices, propaganda can be successful (serve it's objective). "The work of the propaganda (is to influence) large scale and "group conscious, (" it is not directed at individuals. It is directed through many media which can include "leaflets, posters, TV broadcasts or radio broadcasts," (Wikipedia). Verbal statements are the most common way propaganda occurs. It often involves the distortion or manipulation of facts but not always. Propaganda isn't only spread through words, often actions, gestures of even image manipulation can be the cause. It involves anything that may provide an affected version of the truth, even stereotypes. Propaganda can employs prejudice to perpetuate stereotypes and those stereotypes have a direct effect on the propaganda. This turns into a endless cycle. Hatred is the cause for extreme cases of propaganda. These prejudices create stereotypes that then become common belief. "Two thousand... ...prejudices that a society harbours cause the hate and propaganda. This causes the prejudices to be reconfirmed and further developed into stereotypes. Now the cycle begins again. Bibliography Chadwick, W. Public Relations and Propaganda. Online at: , consulted on 03/25/04. Delwich, A (2002). Propaganda - Anti American propaganda from Afghanistan. Online at: , consulted on 03/20/04. Delwich, A (2002). Propaganda - Why think about propaganda?. Online at: . Mustafa, N (2004). "Please, No Phone Calls". Time: Special report, V. 163, No. 13, p. 9. Wikipedia encyclopedia (2004). Online at: , consulted on: 03/29/04.

In what ways did the events at Fort Necessity combine with other causes to begin the French and Indian War?

The French and Indian War is a very well known war and it’s most famous cause is the events that took place at Fort Necessity. However the truth is, is that there is much more to that war than just one incident. The French and British did not have good history with each other already so it was not easy immigrating to the same land without a head leader. As well as the ways of making money for the two different countries is different so they tend to clash in that respect. Lastly coming to the New World is about gaining power and control and they saw each other in the way of becoming a superpower country. The French and the British have had their disagreements in the past and just because they have moved to a new country doesn’t mean that those disagreements have gone away. The British were farmers, manufacturers, and tradesmen. The French on the other hand were mainly trappers and riverboat traders. This caused the inevitable, a conflict of interests from the Ohio River to Lake Champlain. The boundaries back then were not set in stone so it was pretty difficult to definitely say what land belonged to whom. The French and the British also had sort of an unspoken competition over land and power. This also caused conflict. Both France and Britain came to the New World to become much more powerful and basically take over most of the world. They came with greed for money, land and control. Initially Britain had more land, but the French had some good resources. In order to gain global power, resources were key. Resources could lead to money and trade and everything a country could want. As stated before, boundaries were pretty vague and both Britain and France wanted control over the Ohio River Valley. In reaction France began to build forts there and the British tried to take them down and failed. Then the British started to build their own fort, Fort Necessity. Soon the French approached the fort and this caused a battle, which left the British in a worse position than before and they had to surrender. This caused the tension and anger between the two countries to rise even more. Lastly trade was a huge issue between the French and British. They wanted different things, but they needed the same land. The Ohio Valley was full of trees and rich soil. The French wanted the land to keep the trees and continue the fur trade. This keeps the Indians happy because they get the benefit of trading with the French. However, the English wanted the land to chop down the trees and farm. This is how they make their profit, but it was also cause the Indians to have to move out. The French were not happy with what the British wanted to do with the land. The French were allies with the Indians and didn’t want to see them displaced. In conclusion there were many causes to the French and Indian War, not just the incident at Fort Necessity. The French and British already were not on the best terms with each other and they had no plan to change that. Also the French and British both wanted to be all-powerful, but they couldn’t do that together. The both wanted the land and the economic gain, but they both couldn’t have it. It also affected the trade. They wanted to use the Ohio River Valley for two different things that could not coincide. All these disagreements and the tension rose to the point of war. This was war was also known as the French and Indian War or the Seven Years War.

Gender Issue in Legally Blonde Essays

Gender Issue in Legally Blonde Essays Gender Issue in Legally Blonde Essay Gender Issue in Legally Blonde Essay The document was written by an interviewer. 2. The document was written to give insight in the life of a slave woman. 3. The document is biased. The document is biased because Annie Coley was talking about slave life, but in the document she was only talking about her family’s life in slavery. (â€Å"We bought Sunday clothes. We got to rest three days at Christmas. We had a big dinner, but Boss gave us that out of his smokehouse. †) When Annie Coley says that, she is only referring to her own family during the slave days. She is not talking about slavery as a whole. 4. The document’s intended audience was basically the whole world; anybody who read it. 5. The document is an interview that was turned into an autobiography. 6. The document was written in the 1930’s. 7. The document was published in 1972. 8. The document focused on ex-slave Annie Coley’s life. 9. The document focused on the areas of freedom within the slave system, the situation of women in slavery, and the differences between slavery and freedom. 10. From the document I have learned that not all slave owners where terrible. I mean don’t get me wrong slavery in itself is horrible, but I mean in the way that the slaves where treated. For instance, when Annie Coley says (â€Å"After the crop was laid by, we went with Big Boss to his church and sat in the back seats. We couldn’t any of us read the Bible, so that was why Boss made us go to church so that we could hear it read. †) Although, the Boss should have let them go to school and learn how to read, he letting them hear the Bible being read in church was a gesture that he did care about them in some aspect. :

French Pluperfect or Past Subjunctive Tense

French Pluperfect or Past Subjunctive Tense The French pluperfect subjunctive is the least common literary tense - its the literary equivalent of the past subjunctive.Like all literary tenses, the pluperfect subjunctive is used only in literature, historical writings, and other very formal writing, so it is important to be able to recognize it but chances are that you will never in your life need to conjugate it.The pluperfect subjunctive has an identical twin, the second form of the conditional perfect, which is used in literary si clauses. The French pluperfect subjunctive is a  compound conjugation, which means it has two parts: imperfect subjunctive  of the  auxiliary verb  (either  avoir  or  Ãƒ ªtre)past participle  of the main verb Note:  Like all French compound conjugations, the pluperfect subjunctive may be subject to  grammatical  agreement: When the auxiliary verb is  Ãƒ ªtre, the past participle must agree with the subjectWhen the auxiliary verb is  avoir, the past participle may have to agree with its direct object French Pluperfect Subjunctive Conjugations   AIMER  (auxiliary verb is  avoir) j eusse aim nous eussions aim tu eusses aim vous eussiez aim il,elle et aim ils,elles eussent aim DEVENIR  (à ªtre verb) je fusse devenu(e) nous fussions devenu(e)s tu fusses devenu(e) vous fussiez devenu(e)(s) il ft devenu ils fussent devenus elle ft devenue elles fussent devenues SE LAVER  (pronominal verb) je me fusse lav(e) nous nous fussions lav(e)s tu te fusses lav(e) vous vous fussiez lav(e)(s) il se ft lav ils se fussent lavs elle se ft lave elles se fussent laves

Of mice and men coursework

Of mice and men coursework Of Mice and MenFurther reading courseworkJohn stienbeck and Elisabeth gaskel are both very similar writers and both write similar storeys. Two of their books "of mice and men" and "half brothers" both have similarities and links. Even though they had 100 years of time between them the two story's both have similar characters and are both convincing in similar waysHelen and her first husband were in a very close relationship we know this due to the fact that she could not talk about him after he died of scarlet fever, as she is two upset. Then her first baby dies just before Gregory was born. But she soon forgot about him and concentrated on rasing GregoryShe then marries William Preston but this is more for financial and social security as she starts loosing her visions and can no longer sew with her aunt fanny.Of Mice & Men (album)Whom came to help look after her and the baby. So when William asks her to marry him she was relieved and jumped at the chance for some one to look after her and her baby. But this was not based so much on love but on the security that he could provide.William did not have a very god relationship with Gregory because after the third baby, the narrator, Helen dies but William blames Gregory for the death of Helen, even though it was more likely to be the narrator's fault. But William had hated Gregory to the point that he even bullied the dog, lassie. But he mused have loved him deep down as he still raised Gregory and let him live with him.Gregory's relationship with his half brother was not a good one as they blamed each other for the death of their mother. But Gregory...

The development of the human resource Research Paper

The development of the human resource - Research Paper Example A behavior or skill that I think specifically worked to help me grow in my career was my ability to judge and evaluate the situation at once. I as a human resource professional see myself along the definition of band two. I have gained enough experience to be able to advice and manage human resource issues occurring all across the organization. I have it in me to stand objectively and view things like an outsider would and come up with solutions that work for everyone. I have evolved and gained knowledge, skills and competencies that make me successful at what I do. At band 2 I am more flexible and empowered to action and influence others to work effectively and efficiently. My aspiration to be the centre of the HR department and work as a HR mentor specified at band four makes motivates me to be more responsible, accountable and innovative. Performance and reward, though being a part of band 1, I understand it is a key driver of HR & Business strategy and developing an organization culture. Performance and reward refers to linking performance with reward – tying rewards with performance. Team/Group incentives, Sales commission, Recognition award are the examples of the aforesaid definition. Performance encompasses quantity, quality & timeliness of output, presence at work, cooperativeness, etc. etc. Rewards refer to all kind of financial and non-financial return by the employer. There are two types of rewards: Intrinsic rewards come from inside the person. Motivation, recognition, appreciation or acknowledging one’s efforts are the examples of intrinsic rewards. Extrinsic rewards refer to tangible rewards, such as annual pay raise, bonuses or days-off, etc. Employee Engagement:... Performance and reward, though being a part of band 1, I understand it is a key driver of HR & Business strategy and developing an organizational culture.Performance and reward refer to linking performance with reward – tying rewards with performance. Team/Group incentives, Sales commission, Recognition award are the examples of the aforesaid definition.Rewards refer to all kind of financial and non-financial return by the employer. There are two types of rewards: Intrinsic rewards come from inside the person. Motivation, recognition, appreciation or acknowledging one’s efforts are the examples of intrinsic rewards. Extrinsic rewards refer to tangible rewards, such as annual pay raise, bonuses or days-off, etc.Employee Engagement: Organizations now realize that a â€Å"satisfied† employee does not guarantee maximum productivity. Another category of employee is an â€Å"engaged† employee – the most productive & loyal employee. An engaged employee is always willing to move a way forward in order to delight the customers. He/She is intellectually and emotionally bound with the organization, tries to yield 100% and is always passionate about his/her goals whilst committed to living by its values. Organization design: In this context, I give below the dimensions of five configurations:- Simple structure: It is usually found in small organizations where the manager and owner is one and the same person. It has a low degree of departmentalization and formalization while span of control & authority is delegated to a single person.

HUM WK3 ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HUM WK3 ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example rence for the Vedas as the foundation of Hindu philosophy; (2) A spirit of tolerance, and willingness to understand and appreciate others’ points of view, recognizing that truth has many sides; (3) Acceptance of the belief that vast cosmic periods of creation, maintenance, and dissolution continuously recur; (4) Acceptance of belief in reincarnation; (5) Recognition that paths to truth and salvation are many; (6) Recognition that there may be numerous gods and goddesses to worship, without necessarily believing in worship through idols; and (7) Unlike other religions, absence of belief in a specific set of philosophic concepts† (Fisher, 2005, p. 113). As such, these ingredients form the basis theological framework for Hindu religion and which continues to be observed by contemporary devotees to this particular belief. To exemplify continued belief and practices that conform to these main theological frameworks of Hinduism, devotees are expected to conform to rituals, home puja, seeking the guidance of a spiritual Guru, conformity to fasting and prayers, acknowledging reverence to natural resources such as rivers or trees, going through regular pilgrimages, and observing festivals or holy days of obligation. (1) Ingrained social beliefs that include going through rituals to obtain various favors asked from deities and as a means of purification of one’s supposed journey through life. Rituals were religious practices that were deemed crucial for devotees to the purpose of purifying and sanctifying people in their lifetime. (2) Belief in public worships to acknowledge individual, family and communities’ adoration and worship to their deities. This social tradition has been proven to be exhibited through time as a means to adore, glorify, and worship the deities and to invoke their blessings for personal favors. (3) Manifestation of loving service to their deities by acknowledging them as living proofs of divine being and are therefore treated as living

Marketing and advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing and advertisement - Essay Example Advertisement is a detailed process and hence quite a bit of thought and planning goes into advertising campaigns, as a complete campaign comprise of print ads, radio ads and television ads, all meant to maximize results for the client or business being advertisement. This paper tries to understand the various ways through which the UK CAP Codes (CAP/BCAP Codes) can be reformed. Advertisement can be seen in different perspectives. As defined above, the purpose of advertisement increase the number of articles or products sold. As if this is not enough, advertisement is also a very important aspect in the political scene as politicians use ads to sell their manifestos (DYER 1988, pg67). Advertisement developed into a big business in the 20th century, creating numerous jobs in advertisement agencies and the marketing industry. The growth in advertisement has been made possible through advance use of the media like newspapers, television, radio, magazines, direct mails and the internet. Advertising has developed to an international business strategy, since producers and companies try to sell their products on a globalized market in almost every corner of the world (DYER 1988, pg112). Business is all about who knows you rather than who you know. Advertising generates sales and opportunities through building awareness of products and services. Identifying of the ideal customer and understanding their motivation behind buying the products is core to the advertising production process.... in advertisement has been made possible through advance use of the media like newspapers, television, radio, magazines, direct mails and the internet. Advertising has developed to an international business strategy, since producers and companies try to sell their products on a globalized market in almost every corner of the world (DYER 1988, pg112). Business is all about who knows you rather than who you know. Advertising generates sales and opportunities through building awareness of products and services. Identifying of the ideal customer and understanding their motivation behind buying the products is core to the advertising production process. It is a fact that the process of advertising is a complex one and is therefore characterized by some costs (PAGELL & HALPERIN 1997, pg45). Therefore advertising agencies should avoid cost overrun by reviewing their adverts before incurring additional charges. Good advertising process should also ensure that the final product includes the ne cessary contact information, together with any needed mention of pricing or a special offer. In this regard, the entire advertising process requires a lot of responsibility. Knowledge of the laws is important to advertisement planning because of complexity of communication and the diverse perceptions of customers in response to promotional communications (DYER 1988, pg63). Media ethics is an elusive topic that will change from medium to medium from audience to audience and from person to person. Thus, I cannot write this paper from the perspective of right and wrong (MARLIN 2002, pg34) .Whenever a group of individuals are poses some power to influence the lives of others, ethical obligations becomes domineering. Ethical issues are imperative in considering different courses of action, and

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Taxation - Essay Example In implementing the principles of tax efficiency, it adheres to â€Å"fiscal neutrality† in the sense that the tax system is implemented such that â€Å"it does not interfere with the workings of the markets or the decisions of the households while minimising the disincentive effects† of government taxes on he level of economic activity. Subscribing to the perspective of the OECD that â€Å"an efficient tax system† is achieved via a mix of different taxes, the UK tax system combines various types of taxation to promote taxation efficiency (UK Parliament, 2011). Another important policy anchor on which the UK taxation system rests is fairness. According to the UK Parliament (2011), this means that â€Å"the burden of tax should reflect the ability to pay while incorporating principles of intergenerational equity.† A defensible way of interpreting the policy declaration is that the UK’s tax policy is governed by equity taxation which can be extended t o mean that taxation can be used to promote equity. The UK’s notion of equity, however, covers the promotion of social and intergenerational equity. This means that equity across social groups is promoted (without promoting disincentive to work and do business) as well as intergenerational equity. ... It is a standard notion in economics that horizontal equity means that those who earn the same should have equal burden of the tax while vertical equity means that those who earn more should share a higher burden of the tax: those with the same ability should pay the same tax and those with higher abilities should pay more taxes. The UK Parliament (2011) also emphasised that in promoting fairness in taxation requires that the UK government create policy measures that prevent tax avoidance and evasion. Finally, another important reason given by the UK Parliament on why the government of the UK imposes taxes is that people must get value for their money. This is interpreted to mean that the UK taxation is designed and people are taxed in a manner that compliance and collection costs are marshalled to a minimum (UK Parliament, 2011). In sum, based on the UK Parliament’s publication, the core principles of the UK government’s tax policy are sustainability, efficiency, fairn ess and value for money. The four principles provide the basis as well as the reasons on why a certain tax policy is adopted and the manner by which a tax policy is implemented. At the same time, the articulation of the four principles should not obscure a fundamental fact: the â€Å"main aim of the tax system† of the UK is to raise revenue (UK Parliament, 2011). The UK Parliament (2011) publication declared that if tax policy is used to support other objectives then it should be interpreted as an attempt by the tax system to produce the best value for money. With the ongoing global economic difficulties that are believed to have originated from the United States sub-prime crisis of 2008, UK’s taxation policies are also

Media and Organizations that influence Politics Essay

Media and Organizations that influence Politics - Essay Example On both sides of political wall the United States, the web appears to be a developing field for arranging and voicing contradiction. However our political organizations are fairly altogether dug in thus long as there isnt assembly for emotional social transform theyre very impervious to the incremental requests of discontents. Historically this has regularly been generally advantageous, and the intrinsically deliberative nature of our presidential framework doesnt generally fit quick political change. Yet, as conventional associations are undermined by their own particular delay to adjust, innovative deficiency, and enactment focusing on them, the inquiry remains exactly how Americans ought to impact their lawmakers more oftentimes than with every new decision cycle. The capability to sort out individuals productively, rapidly, semi-secretly and without dependence on conventional media has absolutely altered individuals capacity to act politically, it is not so certain what amount of this capability has affected the structures of bringing on institutional change. A mass of bodies, firm requests and the influence to compel foundations to offer into those requests appears to be as discriminating as ever. The United States’ media in is manned by the private division and confronts no political control by the administration. There is a solid custom of autonomous daily papers, magazines, TV, radio, and different manifestations of media publicizing changing assessments, both basic and steady of government arrangement. The media serves no less than three vital capacities in affecting open arrangement. Initially, arrangement producers are under consistent examination by the far reaching media industry. Open authorities understand that just about whatever thing they do or utter even in secrete can show up in the media,

Building the Boeing 787 Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Building the Boeing 787 Case Study - Essay Example The initial developmental time for launch of Boeing was six years and overall development cost was estimated to be 10 billion dollars. With the introduction of the unconventional supply chain, the estimated development time reduced to 6 years and cost went down to 6 billion dollars. The manufacturing and supply cost was reduced and financial risk was spread among suppliers. The major advantage of outsourcing was gained in terms of expertise in areas of operations. Different parts of the aircraft were outsourced to those businesses which were expert in that area. This ensured production of best quality parts and maintenance of world standards. For example, most of the engines manufacturing were outsourced to General Electric and Rolls Royce, who have mastered the art of advanced engineering in the present competitive world. For Boeing 787, the company outsourced around 70 percent of its business which ensured a lot of cost savings. This cost was put into other areas such as marketing, brand building and launch campaigns for the aircraft. Most of the supplier’s relationship was based on contacts and Boeing had special contracts with tier-1 suppliers. A strict supplier relationship helped in maintaining the time frame for production and shipping of the parts, which helped in timely installation and development. Thus by outsourcing more, Boeing was able to reduce the development cost to a significant level (Wanke, 2004). This was done by leveraging the capabilities of the suppliers. In order to maintain coordination and collaboration between its suppliers, Boeing also established a web-based technology which helped in increasing supply chain visibility and improving overall integration and control of the supply chain business. Reduction in financial risks Most of the outsourced suppliers were in contracts with the company. The company also established risk sharing contracts with each of its suppliers. Under this contact, the final payment will be given only after the successful launch of

Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Taxation - Essay Example In implementing the principles of tax efficiency, it adheres to â€Å"fiscal neutrality† in the sense that the tax system is implemented such that â€Å"it does not interfere with the workings of the markets or the decisions of the households while minimising the disincentive effects† of government taxes on he level of economic activity. Subscribing to the perspective of the OECD that â€Å"an efficient tax system† is achieved via a mix of different taxes, the UK tax system combines various types of taxation to promote taxation efficiency (UK Parliament, 2011). Another important policy anchor on which the UK taxation system rests is fairness. According to the UK Parliament (2011), this means that â€Å"the burden of tax should reflect the ability to pay while incorporating principles of intergenerational equity.† A defensible way of interpreting the policy declaration is that the UK’s tax policy is governed by equity taxation which can be extended t o mean that taxation can be used to promote equity. The UK’s notion of equity, however, covers the promotion of social and intergenerational equity. This means that equity across social groups is promoted (without promoting disincentive to work and do business) as well as intergenerational equity. ... It is a standard notion in economics that horizontal equity means that those who earn the same should have equal burden of the tax while vertical equity means that those who earn more should share a higher burden of the tax: those with the same ability should pay the same tax and those with higher abilities should pay more taxes. The UK Parliament (2011) also emphasised that in promoting fairness in taxation requires that the UK government create policy measures that prevent tax avoidance and evasion. Finally, another important reason given by the UK Parliament on why the government of the UK imposes taxes is that people must get value for their money. This is interpreted to mean that the UK taxation is designed and people are taxed in a manner that compliance and collection costs are marshalled to a minimum (UK Parliament, 2011). In sum, based on the UK Parliament’s publication, the core principles of the UK government’s tax policy are sustainability, efficiency, fairn ess and value for money. The four principles provide the basis as well as the reasons on why a certain tax policy is adopted and the manner by which a tax policy is implemented. At the same time, the articulation of the four principles should not obscure a fundamental fact: the â€Å"main aim of the tax system† of the UK is to raise revenue (UK Parliament, 2011). The UK Parliament (2011) publication declared that if tax policy is used to support other objectives then it should be interpreted as an attempt by the tax system to produce the best value for money. With the ongoing global economic difficulties that are believed to have originated from the United States sub-prime crisis of 2008, UK’s taxation policies are also

Building the Boeing 787 Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Building the Boeing 787 Case Study - Essay Example The initial developmental time for launch of Boeing was six years and overall development cost was estimated to be 10 billion dollars. With the introduction of the unconventional supply chain, the estimated development time reduced to 6 years and cost went down to 6 billion dollars. The manufacturing and supply cost was reduced and financial risk was spread among suppliers. The major advantage of outsourcing was gained in terms of expertise in areas of operations. Different parts of the aircraft were outsourced to those businesses which were expert in that area. This ensured production of best quality parts and maintenance of world standards. For example, most of the engines manufacturing were outsourced to General Electric and Rolls Royce, who have mastered the art of advanced engineering in the present competitive world. For Boeing 787, the company outsourced around 70 percent of its business which ensured a lot of cost savings. This cost was put into other areas such as marketing, brand building and launch campaigns for the aircraft. Most of the supplier’s relationship was based on contacts and Boeing had special contracts with tier-1 suppliers. A strict supplier relationship helped in maintaining the time frame for production and shipping of the parts, which helped in timely installation and development. Thus by outsourcing more, Boeing was able to reduce the development cost to a significant level (Wanke, 2004). This was done by leveraging the capabilities of the suppliers. In order to maintain coordination and collaboration between its suppliers, Boeing also established a web-based technology which helped in increasing supply chain visibility and improving overall integration and control of the supply chain business. Reduction in financial risks Most of the outsourced suppliers were in contracts with the company. The company also established risk sharing contracts with each of its suppliers. Under this contact, the final payment will be given only after the successful launch of

Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay Example for Free

Chronicle of a Death Foretold Essay Animals: Humor, Symbolism, and other Literary Devices in Chronicle of a Death Foretold In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, the author, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, utilizes the motif of animals as symbols: pigs for ironic humor, rabbits as foreshadowing, and many other animals to aid in description, characterization, and establishment of theme. ?Marquez uses pigs as motifs the novel. He makes a big deal out of the knives that Pablo and Pedro use while describing the murder. â€Å"The Vicario twins went to the bin in the pigsty where they kept their sacrificial tools and picked out the two best knives: one for quartering, ten inches long and two and a half inches wide, and the other for trimming, seven inches long and one and a half inches wide. They wrapped them in a rag and went to sharpen them at the meat market. † Marquez then goes into great detail about how they are pig knives used for killing pigs. This adds insult to injury for Santiago, being an Arab, thus being part of is a culture that considers pigs to be filthy. This is an example of the author’s ironic style of humor. ?Marquez provides an additional bit of ironic humor while Nasar is being slaughtered during the murder scene. â€Å"Trying to finish it once and for all, Pedro Vicario sought his heart, but he looked for it almost in the armpit, where pigs have it. † This further develops the cruel, ironic humor established by killing Nasar with pig knives, and is now being killed like a pig as well. Another use of pigs in the novel occurs when the Vicarios insist on having the wedding at their home, and in doing so are forced to have the ceremony in the pigpen. â€Å"‘[The] daughters would be married in the pigpen or they wouldn’t be married at all’†¦ The twins took the pigs off elsewhere and sanitized the pigsty with quicklime. † The Arab culture considers pigs to be filthy creatures, so Marquez continues to play on this belief by using the pigsty as a metaphor for the impurity of the marriage. Additionally, the parents rely upon the brothers to clean up both before the marriage, and after it’s destroyed by their sister’s untraditional actions, adding to the metaphor. Marquez also utilizes a rabbit similarly to the pig. Santiago walks into the kitchen for breakfast where Victoria Guzman, â€Å"had been quartering three rabbits for lunch. † â€Å"[Victoria Guzman] couldn’t avoid a wave of fright as she remembered Santiago Nasar’s horror when she pulled out the insides of a rabbit by the roots and threw the steaming guts to the dogs. † In this scene not only is Marquez is foreshadowing the killing of Nasar, but he’s also using irony to emphasize details of his violent and cruel demise. Marquez then adds to additional irony by showing Nasar’s opposition to this treatment of living or dead things when Guzman wonders how â€Å"a man accustomed to killing defenseless animals could suddenly express such horror†¦ She went on feeding the dogs with the insides of the other rabbits, just to embitter Santiago Nasar’s breakfast. † The emotions expressed by Nasar in this scene add to his and Victoria Guzman’s characterization: Nasar’s opposition to violence, and Guzman’s hidden despise for Nasar. Dogs are also a motif used by Marquez in Chronicle of a Death Foretold. One of the first scenes that Marquez utilizes the dogs in is the previously mentioned scene with Victoria Guzman feeding the guts of the rabbits to the dogs. But before she does this, Nasar tells her with regards to her actions, â€Å" ‘Don’t be a savage†¦ Make believe it was a human being. ’† This scene foreshadows Nasar’s killing, but then Marquez uses the dogs in a similar way on page 73, after the actual killing has occurred: â€Å"The dogs, aroused by the smell of death, increased the uneasiness. They hadn’t stopped howling since I [the narrator] went into the house, when Santiago Nasar was still in his death throes in the kitchen and I found Divina Flor weeping in great howls and holding them off with a stick. ‘Help me,’ she shouted to me. ‘What they want is to eat his guts. ’† The parallels between the two scenes add to the ironic humor Marquez creates. The dogs are often also used as a motif for the people in the town, especially regarding to their gossip and the way word spreads. As the Vicario brothers are leaving their house to sharpen their knives in preparation for killing Nasar, â€Å"they left by way of the pigpen gate, with their knives unwrapped, trailed by the uproar of the dogs in the yards. † It’s as if the dogs are people gossiping and spreading the word that Nasar is to be killed. This motif continues on page 67, where â€Å"The dogs barked at [Santiago Nasar] as usual when they heard him come in, but he calmed them down in the half light with the tinkling of his keys. † In this instance it’s as if people have the intent of warning Nasar, but nobody seems to be able to, and the word is continuing to spread to everyone but him. The dogs also represent the population when they are â€Å"aroused by the smell of death. † The people throughout the story get excited with the idea of a murder, and while many are opposed to the actual act of killing Nasar, they still find excitement in the event and act in accordance with their feelings: they spread the word like wildfire, nobody takes time to warn Nasar until it is too late, and then they gather to watch the act. They treat the entire thing like some exciting, thrilling event, not like a tragic and cruel act, as one would expect. They act like dogs with their animalistic group reactions to the events that take place. Marquez sums up these animalistic reactions on the last page of the book, as Nasar is walking through the neighbors’ house carrying his entrails. Poncho Lanao, the neighbor, recalls â€Å"‘the terrible smell of shit. ’† This recollection carries two related meanings. The first being the entire event ‘smelled bad’. It showed a terrible side of human behavior and leaves bad impressions on people who hear of it. This relates to the second, which comes back to people acting like animals. Animals are often described as smelling bad, or ‘like shit’, and from the way Nasar was killed to the way the people in the story acted, this entire event was extremely animalistic. Birds, in particular falcons, are also a motif in the story. In the dedication of Chronicle of a Death Foretold there is a quote from Gil Vicente, â€Å"The pursuit of love is like falconry. † This could mean that like in falconry, where the falcon learns to accept its role under its master, a woman must learn to accept its role as wife and lover under her husband. This belief, however, is one of tradition, and this novel is constantly bringing into question whether or not tradition is good or bad, right or wrong. This quote could also mean that it is up to somebody to go out and find a suitable lover, one will not just show up, just as a falconer must go out and seek a falcon. Another use of the falcon is on page 65, where the narrator, a friend of Nasar’s, warns him he should not sleep with Maria Alejandro Cervantes, someone who slept with many men his age. He tells Nasar, â€Å" ‘A falcon who chases a warlike crane can only hope for a life of pain. ’† This is again relating the falcon to love. This time, however, the falcon is the one doing the pursuing. Santiago’s friend is warning him that should he choose to be with this woman who sleeps with many men, he can expect to be hurt as a result. Similarly to the falcon, Marquez uses a hawk to characterize Nasar. When Nasar grabs Divina Flor in the front room, Marquez describes his hand as â€Å"the butcher hawk hand. † This goes back to the falcon motif with love. The description of Nasar as a hawk again is used on page 90: â€Å"He was a sparrow hawk. He went about alone, just like his father, nipping the bud of any wayward virgin who began showing up in those woods. † This similar to the last, compares Nasar to a hawk, a predatory animal that survives by preying on helpless animals. Nasar is being described as a man who goes from virgin to virgin, taking advantage of them, but never actually engaging in extended relationships with any of them. Gabriel Garcia Marquez uses animals as motifs frequently throughout Chronicle of a Death Foretold to aid in his establishment of theme, characterization, emphasis of events, foreshadowing, and as means of humor. He utilizes a variety of animals, in particular the pig, rabbit, and birds to carry out this variety of literary functions.

Crank And Slotted Lever Mechanism Engineering Essay

Crank And Slotted Lever Mechanism Engineering Essay In a kinematic chain when one link is fixed, then that chain is known as mechanism. It may be used for transmitting or transforming motion for example engine indicators, typewriters etc.[1] A mechanism which has four links is known as simple mechanism, and a mechanism which has more than four links is known as complex mechanism. A mechanism which is required to transmit some particular type of work is knows as machines. In certain cased the elements have to be designed to withstand the forces safely. A mechanism is a kinematic chain in which kinematic pairs are connected in such a way that first link is joined to the last link to transmit a predetermined constrained motion The various parts of the mechanism are called as links or elements. When two links are in contact and a relative motion is possible, then they are known as a pair. An arbitrary set of a link which forms a closed chain which is capable of relative motion and that can be made into a rigid structure by adding a single link is known as kinematics chain. To form a mechanism from a kinematics chain one of the link must be fixed. The technique obtaining different mechanism by fixing the various link in turn is knows as inversion. [2] Fig 1.1-Chart illustrating kinematic pair makes up a machine CHAPTER 2 KINEMATIC PAIRS Two links that can move with respect to each other by a mechanical constraint between them, with one or more degrees of freedom The relative motion between two links of a pair can take different form. Three types of pair are identified as lower pairs and these are the commonly occurring ones. Sliding: Such as occurs between a piston and a cylinder Turning: Such occurs with a wheel on an axle Screw Motion: Such as occurs between a nut and a bolt All other cases are considered to be combination of sliding and rolling is called higher pairs. Screw pair is higher pair as it combines turning and sliding. 2.1 Classification of Kinematic Pairs Since kinematics pairs deals with relative motion between two links then can be classifies based on the characteristics of relative motion between two bodies. The type of relative motion between the elements The type of contact between the elements The type of closure[1] The type of relative motion between the elements The kinematic pair according to type of relative motion can classified as below Sliding Pair Turning Pair Rolling Pair Screw Pair Spherical Pair 2.1.2 The type of contact between the elements The kinematic pair according to type of contact between the elements can be classified Lower Pair Higher Pair 2.1.3 The type of closure The kinematic pair according to type of closure between the elements can be classified as Self -Closed Pair Force -Closed Pair 2.2 GRUBLERS CRITERION FOR PLANAR MECHANISM The Grublers criterion applies to mechanism with only single degree of freedom joints where the overall movability of the mechanism is unity.Subtituting n=1 and h=0 in kutzbach equation we have [3] F= 3 (n-1) 2j h The equation is known as Grublers criterion for plane mechanisms with constrained motion. 2j-3n+h+4=0 Where, F=number of degrees of freedom of a chain j= number of lower kinematic pairs h = number of higher kinematic pairs n= number of links When F=1, the linkage is called a mechanism. When F=0 it forms a structure. That is an application of external force does not produce relative motion between any links of a linkage When F>1 the linkage will require more than one external driving force 2 obtain constrained motion When F 2.3 KINEMATIC CHAIN A Kinematic Chain is defined as a closed network of links, connected by kinematic pairs so that the motion is constrained. First a network of links to give constrained motion, certain conditions are to be satisfied. Minimum number of three links is required to form a closed chain .The three links are connected with turning pairs. Fig.2.1 (a) A Five-Link Kinematic Chain (b) Six-Link Kinematic Mechanism 2.3.1 Types of kinematic chains The most important kinematic chains are those which consists of four lower pairs, each pair being a sliding pair or a turning pair Four Bar Chain or Quadric Cyclic Chain Single Slider Crank chain Double slider crank chain 2.3.2 Inversions Inversion is a method of obtaining different mechanisms by fixing different links in a kinematic chain. A particular inversion of a mechanism may give rise to different mechanism of practical unity, when the proportions of the link are changed [2]. CHAPTER 3 SLOTTED LINK QUICK RETURN MECHANISM Slotted link mechanism which is commonly used in shaper mechanism. The mechanism which converts rotary motion of electric motor and gear box into the reciprocating motion of ram which is the most simple and compact machine.[3] Fig 3.1 : Slotted link mechanism The slotted link mechanism which is mainly divided into seven main parts .They are A Clamping nut B Ram C Link D D Crankpin A E Slotted crank B F Bull Wheel G Glot Slotted link mechanism gives ram the higher velocity during the return stroke (i.e. Non cutting stroke) .Then the forward stroke which reduces the wasting during the return stroke. [4] When the bull wheel is rotated the crank pin A is also rotated side by side through the slot the crank B. This makes the slotted crank B.This makes the slotted crank to oscillate about one end C.The oscillation motion of slotted crank makes ram to reciprocate. The intermediate D is required to accommodate the rise and fall of the crank. Crank Pin A decides the length of the strokes of the shaper. The further its away from the center of the bull wheel longer is its stroke. The cutting stroke of the ram is complete while crank pin moves from A to A1 and slotted link goes from left to right. During return stroke pin moves from A1 to A and link moves from right to left Cutting Time/Idle Time = Angle of AZA1/ Angles of AZA2 3.1 SHAPER MECHANISM The working of a shaper mechanism is that it has two stokes. One is forward stroke and the other is return stroke. Clearing up more about these two strokes is that in the forward stroke the material is feeded, where as in the return stroke is an idle stroke when no material is feeded.[6] Fig 3.2 : Shaper Mechanism Shaping process which involves only short setup time and uses only inexpensive tools. Shaping is used for the production of gears ,splined shafts racks etc. it can produce one or two such parts in a shaper less time that is required to setup for production. Other alternatively equipment with a higher output rate is required. [5] The cost per cubic cm of metal removal by shaping may be as five times more than that of the removal by milling or broaching. Shaping machines are mainly used in tool rooms or model shops. 3.2 SHAPER CUTTING SPEED The cutting speed depends on The type of material used. The amount of material removed. The kinds of tool material. The rigidity of machine. 3.4 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WHITHWORTH AS WELL AS QUICK RETURN MECHANISM Maximum pressure is holding the ram down the slides so that steadying is most necessary on entering the cut In Whitworth motion, the main pressure is in the correct place, less pressure is required in center of stroke. Slotted link motion is opposite to all the points explained above. Not withstanding the recompense stated above for the Whitworth motion, constructional difficulty make it more suitable for traversing head shaping machines and slotting machines, so that the crank motion, despite its restrictions finds universal adaptation for the pillar style of shaping machines.[6] CHAPTER 4 DESIGN OF CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER MECHANISM Design and fabrication of crank and slotted lever mechanism and also doing the structural and thermal analysis of crank shaft. Drawing the velocity diagram of the mechanism. Fig 4.1 : Dimensions for the components using AutoCAD DESIGNING USING CATIA The design of different components is explained here using Catia. SLOTTED LEVER Slotted lever connected to the crank shaft which provides the forward and backward motion of the tool post. The drawing is done as per the dimensions shown above. Different view of the slotted lever is also explained Fig 4.2: Design of slotted lever FIG4.3: Different angle view of slotted lever CRANK SHAFT Crank shaft which is connected to flywheel with the help of a motor , which provides the rotation of the crank shaft as well as the rotation of the slotted lever connected to it. The drawing is done as per the dimensions shown above. Different view of the crank shaft is also explained Fig 4.4: DESIGN of crank shaft Fig 4.5: Different angle view of crank shaft TOOL POST Tool post which is connected to slotted lever, where the tool is connected to it which is used for the cutting of materials. The drawing is done as per the dimensions shown above. Different view of the Tool post is also explained Fig 4.6: Design of tool post Fig 4.7: Different angle view of tool post TOOL CUTTER Tool cutter is connected to the tool which is used to cut the material. The design is done as per assumed dimensions. Different view of the Tool is also explained. Fig 4.8: Design of tool Fig 4.9: Different angle view of tool 5.2 FABRICATION OF CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER With the help of above design of different components it has been combined together to form a crank and slotted lever mechanism which is seen mainly in shaper machines. Fig4.10: Design of crank and slotted lever mechanism The final fabrication model will be represented as shown below. Fig4.11: Final Design of crank and slotted lever mechanism 4.3 MODEL FABRICATION To conclude my Assigned project I hereby affix few photos of crank and slotted quick return mechanism indicating the functioning the same. Fig 4.12: FABRICATED MODEL OF CRANK AND SLOTTED LEVER Fig 4.13: SLOTTED LEVER CONNECTED TO THE LEVER CHAPTER 5 STRUCTURAL AND THERMAL ANALYSIS OF CRANK SHAFT Crank and slotted lever mechanism, crank shaft which acts as the rotating device which helps the slotted lever forward and backward movement. Therefore analyzing the different propertied which take place in a crank shaft 5.1 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS Fig 5.1: Crank shaft used for analysis Units TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (m, kg, N, s, V, A) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius Model (C4) Geometry TABLE 2 Model (C4) > Geometry Object Name Geometry State Fully Defined Definition Source C:UsersPATRICKDesktopPAPArollcageSUDEEPPart1.CATPart Type Catia5 Length Unit Millimeters Element Control Program Controlled Display Style Part Color Bounding Box Length X 2.e-002 m Length Y 0.20055 m Length Z 0.19999 m Properties Volume 6.2904e-004 m ³ Mass 4.938 kg Scale Factor Value 1. Statistics Bodies 1 Active Bodies 1 Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Preferences Import Solid Bodies Yes Import Surface Bodies Yes Import Line Bodies No Parameter Processing Yes Personal Parameter Key DS CAD Attribute Transfer No Named Selection Processing No Material Properties Transfer No CAD Associatively Yes Import Coordinate Systems No Reader Save Part File No Import Using Instances Yes Do Smart Update No Attach File Via Temp File Yes Temporary Directory C:UsersPATRICKAppDataLocalTemp Analysis Type 3-D Mixed Import Resolution None Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes TABLE 3 Model (C4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name Part 1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment Structural Steel Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 2.e-002 m Length Y 0.20055 m Length Z 0.19999 m Properties Volume 6.2904e-004 m ³ Mass 4.938 kg Centroid X 1.e-002 m Centroid Y -1.9072e-004 m Centroid Z -1.9565e-004 m Moment of Inertia Ip1 2.4661e-002 kg ·m ² Moment of Inertia Ip2 1.2451e-002 kg ·m ² Moment of Inertia Ip3 1.2537e-002 kg ·m ² Statistics Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Coordinate Systems TABLE 4 Model (C4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian Ansys System Number 0. Origin Origin X 0. m Origin Y 0. m Origin Z 0. m Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1. 0. 0. ] Y Axis Data [ 0. 1. 0. ] Z Axis Data [ 0. 0. 1. ] Mesh TABLE 5 Model (C4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Coarse Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly Smoothing Medium Transition Fast Span Angle Center Coarse Minimum Edge Length 2.e-002 m Inflation Use Automatic Tet Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0.272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1.2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Pinch Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate on Refresh No Statistics Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Static Structural (C5) TABLE 6 Model (C4) > Analysis Object Name Static Structural (C5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Structural Analysis Type Static Structural Solver Target ANSYS Mechanical Options Environment Temperature 22.  °C Generate Input Only No TABLE 7 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Analysis Settings Object Name Analysis Settings State Fully Defined Step Controls Number Of Steps 1. Current Step Number 1. Step End Time 1. s Auto Time Stepping Program Controlled Solver Controls Solver Type Program Controlled Weak Springs Program Controlled Large Deflection Off Inertia Relief Off Nonlinear Controls Force Convergence Program Controlled Moment Convergence Program Controlled Displacement Convergence Program Controlled Rotation Convergence Program Controlled Line Search Program Controlled Output Controls Calculate Stress Yes Calculate Strain Yes Calculate Results At All Time Points Analysis Data Management Solver Files Directory F:ansyshallo_filesdp0SYS-1MECH Future Analysis None Scratch Solver Files Directory Save ANSYS db No Delete Unneeded Files Yes Nonlinear Solution No Solver Units Active System Solver Unit System mks TABLE 8 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Rotations Object Name Rotational Velocity State Fully Defined Scope Geometry All Bodies Definition Define By Vector Magnitude 200. rad/s (ramped) Axis Defined Suppressed No Fig 5.2 : Graph showing rotational velocity TABLE 9 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Loads Object Name Frictionless Support State Fully Defined Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry 1 Face Definition Type Frictionless Support Suppressed No Solution (C6) TABLE 10 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution Object Name Solution (C6) State Solved Adaptive Mesh Refinement Max Refinement Loops 1. Refinement Depth 2. TABLE 11 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution (C6) > Solution Information Object Name Solution Information State Solved Solution Information Solution Output Solver Output Newton-Raphson Residuals 0 Update Interval 2.5 s Display Points All TABLE 12 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution (C6) > Results Object Name Total Deformation Minimum Principal Elastic Strain Stress Intensity Middle Principal Stress Equivalent Stress State Solved Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Total Deformation Minimum Principal Elastic Strain Stress Intensity Middle Principal Stress Equivalent (von-Mises) Stress By Time Display Time Last Calculate Time History Yes Identifier Use Average Yes Results Minimum 8.5255e-009 m -8.1173e-006 m/m 5.3895e+005 Pa -4.8689e+005 Pa 5.3642e+005 Pa Maximum 7.9016e-007 m -8.1177e-007 m/m 3.0171e+006 Pa 1.2909e+006 Pa 2.7325e+006 Pa Information Time 1. s Load Step 1 Substep 1 Iteration Number 1 TABLE 13 Model (C4) > Static Structural (C5) > Solution (C6) > Results Object Name Shear Stress Vector Principal Elastic Strain Strain Energy State Solved Scope Scoping Method Geometry Selection Geometry All Bodies Definition Type Shear Stress Vector Principal Elastic Strain Strain Energy Orientation XY Plane By Time Display Time Last Coordinate System Global Coordinate System Calculate Time History Yes Use Average Yes Identifier Results Minimum -3.4345e+005 Pa 5.6327e-007 J Maximum 3.4345e+005 Pa 1.1931e-005 J Information Time 1. s Load Step 1 Substep 1 Iteration Number 1 Material Data Structural Steel TABLE 14 Structural Steel > Constants Density 7850 kg m^-3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion 1.2e-005 C^-1 Specific Heat 434 J kg^-1 C^-1 Thermal Conductivity 60.5 W m^-1 C^-1 Resistivity 1.7e-007 ohm m TABLE 15 Structural Steel > Compressive Ultimate Strength Compressive Ultimate Strength Pa 0 TABLE 16 Structural Steel > Compressive Yield Strength Compressive Yield Strength Pa 2.5e+008 TABLE 17 Structural Steel > Tensile Yield Strength Tensile Yield Strength Pa 2.5e+008 TABLE 18 Structural Steel > Tensile Ultimate Strength Tensile Ultimate Strength Pa 4.6e+008 TABLE 19 Structural Steel > Alternating Stress Alternating Stress Pa Cycles Mean Stress Pa 3.999e+009 10 0 2.827e+009 20 0 1.896e+009 50 0 1.413e+009 100 0 1.069e+009 200 0 4.41e+008 2000 0 2.62e+008 10000 0 2.14e+008 20000 0 1.38e+008 1.e+005 0 1.14e+008 2.e+005 0 8.62e+007 1.e+006 0 TABLE 20 Structural Steel > Strain-Life Parameters Strength Coefficient Pa Strength Exponent Ductility Coefficient Ductility Exponent Cyclic Strength Coefficient Pa Cyclic Strain Hardening Exponent 9.2e+008 -0.106 0.213 -0.47 1.e+009 0.2 TABLE 21 Structural Steel > Relative Permeability Relative Permeability 10000 TABLE 22 Structural Steel > Isotropic Elasticity Temperature C Youngs Modulus Pa Poissons Ratio 2.e+011 0.3 Fig 5.3 : Middle Principal Stress Fig 5.3: Principal Stress Fig 5.4: Strain Energy Fig 5.5: Minimm Principal Elastic Strain Fig 5.6: Stress Intensity Fig 5.7: TOTAL Deformation Fig 5.8: VECTOR Principal Elastic Strain 5.2 THERMAL ANALYSIS Thermal Analysis is the heat developed in crank shaft. Units TABLE 1 Unit System Metric (m, kg, N, s, V, A) Degrees rad/s Celsius Angle Degrees Rotational Velocity rad/s Temperature Celsius Model (D4) Geometry TABLE 2 Model (D4) > Geometry Object Name Geometry State Fully Defined Definition Source C:UsersPATRICKDesktopPAPArollcageSUDEEPPart1.CATPart Type Catia5 Length Unit Millimeters Element Control Program Controlled Display Style Part Color Bounding Box Length X 2.e-002 m Length Y 0.20055 m Length Z 0.19999 m Properties Volume 6.2904e-004 m ³ Mass 4.938 kg Scale Factor Value 1. Statistics Bodies 1 Active Bodies 1 Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Preferences Import Solid Bodies Yes Import Surface Bodies Yes Import Line Bodies No Parameter Processing Yes Personal Parameter Key DS CAD Attribute Transfer No Named Selection Processing No Material Properties Transfer No CAD Associativity Yes Import Coordinate Systems No Reader Save Part File No Import Using Instances Yes Do Smart Update No Attach File Via Temp File Yes Temporary Directory C:UsersPATRICKAppDataLocalTemp Analysis Type 3-D Mixed Import Resolution None Enclosure and Symmetry Processing Yes TABLE 3 Model (D4) > Geometry > Parts Object Name Part 1 State Meshed Graphics Properties Visible Yes Transparency 1 Definition Suppressed No Stiffness Behavior Flexible Coordinate System Default Coordinate System Reference Temperature By Environment Material Assignment Structural Steel Nonlinear Effects Yes Thermal Strain Effects Yes Bounding Box Length X 2.e-002 m Length Y 0.20055 m Length Z 0.19999 m Properties Volume 6.2904e-004 m ³ Mass 4.938 kg Centroid X 1.e-002 m Centroid Y -1.9072e-004 m Centroid Z -1.9565e-004 m Moment of Inertia Ip1 2.4661e-002 kg ·m ² Moment of Inertia Ip2 1.2451e-002 kg ·m ² Moment of Inertia Ip3 1.2537e-002 kg ·m ² Statistics Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Coordinate Systems TABLE 4 Model (D4) > Coordinate Systems > Coordinate System Object Name Global Coordinate System State Fully Defined Definition Type Cartesian Ansys System Number 0. Origin Origin X 0. m Origin Y 0. m Origin Z 0. m Directional Vectors X Axis Data [ 1. 0. 0. ] Y Axis Data [ 0. 1. 0. ] Z Axis Data [ 0. 0. 1. ] Mesh TABLE 5 Model (D4) > Mesh Object Name Mesh State Solved Defaults Physics Preference Mechanical Relevance 0 Sizing Use Advanced Size Function Off Relevance Center Coarse Element Size Default Initial Size Seed Active Assembly Smoothing Medium Transition Fast Span Angle Center Coarse Minimum Edge Length 2.e-002 m Inflation Use Automatic Tet Inflation None Inflation Option Smooth Transition Transition Ratio 0.272 Maximum Layers 5 Growth Rate 1.2 Inflation Algorithm Pre View Advanced Options No Advanced Shape Checking Standard Mechanical Element Midside Nodes Program Controlled Straight Sided Elements No Number of Retries Default (4) Rigid Body Behavior Dimensionally Reduced Mesh Morphing Disabled Pinch Pinch Tolerance Please Define Generate on Refresh No Statistics Nodes 3258 Elements 556 Mesh Metric None Steady-State Thermal (D5) TABLE 6 Model (D4) > Analysis Object Name Steady-State Thermal (D5) State Solved Definition Physics Type Thermal Analysis Type Steady-State Solver Target ANSYS Mechanical Options Generate Input Only No TABLE 7 Model (D4) > Steady-State Thermal (D5) > Initial C

Language Is A Virus :: essays research papers

Language Is A Virus A written work, whether it is a story, a poem or a song, can be as vague and indeterminable as a painting and given to many different interpretations. It gives an opportunity for the reader to use his imagination and his emotions in absorbing the writing and comprehending its meaning. The interpretation of written work varies with circumstances, such as different cultures, religions, historical times or just personal feelings. Folk tales and legends are stories that have been passed throughout generations and are being told in many parts of the world in different languages. These stories, originally written as local tales, pass the boundaries of their localities and become absorbed into the folklore of other religions and countries through publication in other languages. In many cases they are being altered to suit the tastes, customs and modes of behavior of the population to which the readers belong. In other instances the written works are absorbed in different localities, in their original forms, but even then their meaning varies in accordance with the cultural, religious and economical conditions of the country as a whole and of the reader as an individual. Obviously, a written work is a product of the period in which it is written. Unless it is a historical tale, the subjects, characters and events described, would be of a temporary nature or have a temporary outlook and appeal. Many writings are of a controversial nature and as such they appeal to some but can meet with a violent disapproval by others. Salman Rashdie has been lucky to survive the violent anger of the Muslim world. But at the same time he became popular with many segments of the population, not necessarily due to the greatness of his writing, but primarily because of the controversial subject he touches upon, the fact that he criticizes his own and that his criticism appeals to a non Muslim reader. Language is like a

Spanish Settlement of the West :: European Europe History

Spanish Settlement of the West International borders have always been centers of conflict, and the U.S.-Mexican border is no exception. With the European colonizing the New World, it was a matter of time before the powers collided. The Spanish settled what is today Mexico, while the English settled what is to day the United States. When the two colonial powers did meet what is today the United States' Southwest, it was not England and Spain. Rather the two powers were the United States and Mexico. Both Counties had broken off from their mother countries. The conflict that erupted between the two countries where a direct result of different nation policies. The United States had a policy of westward expansion, while Mexico had a policy of self protection. The Americans never had a written policy of expansion. What they had was the idea of "Manifest Destiny." Manifest Destiny was the belief that the United States had the right to expand westward to the Pacific ocean. On the other hand, Mexico was a new country wanti ng to protect itself from outside powers. Evidence of U.S. expansion is seen with the independence of Texas from Mexico. The strongest evidence of U.S. expansion goals is with the Mexican-American War. From the beginning, the war was conceived as an opportunity for land expansion. Mexico feared the United States expansion goals. During the 16th century, the Spanish began to settle the region. The Spanish had all ready conquered and settled Central Mexico. Now they wanted to expand their land holdings north. The first expedition into the region, that is today the United States Southwest, was with Corando. Corando reported a region rich in resources, soon after people started to settle the region. The driving force behind the settlement was silver in the region. The Spanish settled the region through three major corridors; central, western and eastern. The first settlements were mainly through the central corridor. The Spanish went thorough what is now the modern Mexican state of Chihuahua into the U.S. state of New Mexico. Eventually the Spanish established the city of Santa Fe in 1689. The eastern corridor was through modern day Texas and led to the establishment of San Antonio. The eastern expansion was caused by the French expansion into modern day Louisiana. The Spanish crown wanted a buffer between the French in Louisiana and central Mexico. The last corridor of expansion was in the

Compare Human Brain and the Computer

Over the past years we have seen how computers are becoming more and more advance, challenging the abilities of the human brain. We have seen computers doing complex assignments like launching of a rocket or analysis from outer space. But the human brain is responsible for, thought, feelings, creativity, and other qualities that make us humans. So the brain has to be more complex and more complete than any computer. Besides if the brain created the computer, the computer cannot be better than the brain.There are many differences between the human brain and the computer, for example, the capacity to learn new things. Even the most advance computer can never learn like a human does. While we might be able to install new information onto a computer it can never learn new material by itself. Also computers are limited to what they â€Å"learn†, depending on the memory left or space in the hard disk not like the human brain which is constantly learning everyday.Computers can neithe r make judgments on what they are â€Å"learning† or disagree with the new material. They must accept into their memory what it’s being programmed onto them. Besides everything that is found in a computer is based on what the human brain has acquired though experience. Another difference between the human brain and the computer is, the creativity of the human brain. For instance humans can create art, act in plays, or write stories and songs but computers can only help us in these activities not come up with them.While computers can help us solve math problems and find answers to certain questions it can never think of new solutions until they have been programmed into them. Furthermore computers cannot create new games or produce anything they desire like humans. In fact, the human brain is the one who comes up with new ideas or theories not taught before. But in a computer, everything that is there has being taught out by the human brain. Although the computer brain and the human brain have many differences they also have a couple similarities.Both can increase their memory storage capacity. Computer memory grows by adding computer chips. Memories in the brain grow by stronger synaptic connections. Both computers and brain have repair and â€Å"backup† systems. The brain has â€Å"built-in back up systems† in some cases. If one pathway in the brain is damaged, there is often another pathway that will take over this function of the damaged pathway. Both can degrade. Computers break down and brain cells deteriorate. Like all machinery, computers break down with time.Brains also deteriorate with age, losing their functions and slowing down because of lower counts of chemicals and hormones. Both are used for storage of information, to process information and to run tasks. In terms of the functions, both are used for mathematical calculations, carrying out complex algorithms and to storing of crucial information. Counting all the simil arities and differences of the brain and the computer brain, you would now see that the computer and the brain do have somethings in common, but in many more ways they are actually more different than they are similar.

A Clean Well Lighted Place †Theme and Setting Essay

A clean well lighted place by Ernest Hemingway has a few themes that stand out clearly but the one theme that stands out to me is despair. According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, despair means to lose all hope or confidence. In the story, the older waiter and the old deaf man somehow share a common bond of despair. Both men are of age and like to be out, late at night, alone. Asides from the story alone, the theme of the story can be brought out by the setting. The setting contributes to the story’s theme in different ways. The setting contributes to the mood of the story, to the structure of the story, and to the lesson of the story. The cafe represents salvation for despair which is shown through the setting of the story. First, the setting contributes to the mood, from the quote â€Å"It was very late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. †(107) sets a mood of a person in sadness. As a regular, at a cafe, late at night alone reveals the character’s personality with the help of the setting. The setting reveals the story’s mood because it visualizes the scene along with emotions of the story. Obviously the old man is not the type of drunk to get violent or rough because the mood seems to be calming as the setting had described â€Å"but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. †(107) Even though the old man is deaf, the setting intensified the mood of peacefulness that the old man enjoys nice quiet drinks at a clean place. Later in the story the older waiter had no place to go for a drink so, he had gone to a bar/bodega for a drink; however, the mood of the bar/bodega compared to the cafe was not as peaceful nor comfortable. The waiter mentioned â€Å"It was the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all that is provided for these hours. †(109) The mood clearly shows a difference within a different setting. If the old man were to drink in that bar then the story’s mood could have been perceived in a different way. Furthermore, the setting contributes to the structure of the story, like cartilages in a human body. The cafe can be viewed as a workplace and also as a place of peaceful socialization. Each person deals with despair differently. Having the setting at a cafe where it was mentioned that it was quiet help structure the story that it is neither a depressing story nor, a happy story. The two waiters who were gossiping about the old man mentioned that he had committed suicide but, he was saved. Being in a cafe is different than rather being in a bar or anywhere else. The cafe signifies a place for space or time, depending on the person. The old man is not trying to cure his despair but rather subdue it. The setting could have taken place anywhere but it also could have affected the structure of the story differently. For example, when the older waiter was out trying to kill time due to insomnia, he went to a bar but, it was not soothing; therefore, he went home. This proves how the setting was able to support its main structure of having a cafe rather than a different place. Finally, the lesson of the story is that do not be impatient. The setting contributed to how the lesson of the story was delivered. The old deaf man was not harming anyone and the cafe was not to close ‘til two-thirty in the morning but, the young waiter wanted to close early because he wanted to go home to his wife. The setting is pleasing and comfortable for those who need a place late at night yet, it was taken away from someone who needed it. Even though the old man left quietly, it was obvious he was not done drinking. If the setting were to be elsewhere like a bar, it would mean that the old man was looking for a good time but, that was not the case. The setting contributed to the lesson like a book to a lecture. Overall, the setting contributes to the theme. The cafe represents salvation, its cleanliness and good lighting suggest peace and relaxation, whereas a bar is chaotic and loud. The older waiter describes it as a refuge from the despair felt by those who are aware of the nothingness. In a clean well-lighted cafe, despair can be managed and even temporarily forgotten. When the older waiter describes the nothingness that is life, he says, â€Å"It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. †(109) The â€Å"it† in the sentence was not defined, but we can speculate about the waiter’s meaning: although life and man are nothing, light, cleanliness, and order can serve as substance. They can help counter off the despair from anyone. As long as a clean, well-lighted cafe exists, despair can be kept in check. This shows how the setting contributes to the theme through the mood, the structure, and the lesson of the story shaped by the setting.