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Phil .Literature Essay Example for Free

Phil .Literature Essay Philippine scholarly creation during the American Period in the Philippines was prodded by two critical improvements in instruction and culture. One is the presentation of free open guidance for all offspring of young and two, the utilization of English as vehicle of guidance in all degrees of instruction in government funded schools. Free government funded instruction made information and data available to a more noteworthy number of Filipinos. The individuals who benefited of this training through school had the option to improve their economic wellbeing and joined a decent number of taught masses who turned out to be a piece of the country’s white collar class. The utilization of English as mechanism of guidance acquainted Filipinos with Anglo-American methods of thought, culture and life ways that would be inserted in the writing delivered as well as in the mind of the country’s instructed class. It was this informed class that would be the wellspring of a lively Philippine Literature in English. Philippine writing in English, as an immediate aftereffect of American colonization of the nation, couldn't circumvent being imitative of American models of composing particularly during its time of apprenticeship. The verse composed by early artists showed contemplated endeavors at versification as in the accompanying sonnet which is verification of the poet’s rather rudimentary exercise in the English language: Vacation days finally are here, And we have a fabulous time so dear, All young men and young ladies do readily cheer, This invited period of the year. Toward the beginning of June in school we’ll meet; A harder assignment will we complete And on the off chance that we bomb we should rehash That similar undertaking without retreat. We just rest to come back again To class where young men and young ladies acquire The Creator’s blessing to men Whose cheery expectations in us remain. Excursion implies a period for play For youthful and old in night and day My desire for everything is to be gay, And underhandedness none lead you adrift Juan F. Salazar Philippines Free Press, May 9, 1909| The sonnet was anthologized in the main assortment of verse in English, Filipino Poetry, altered by Rodolfo Dato (1909 †1924). Among the writers included in this collection were Proceso Sebastian Maximo Kalaw, Fernando Maramag, Leopoldo Uichanco, Jose Ledesma, Vicente Callao, Santiago Sevilla, Bernardo Garcia, Francisco Africa, Pablo Anzures, Carlos P. Romulo, Francisco Tonogbanua, Juan Pastrana, Maria Agoncillo, Paz Marquez Benitez, Luis Dato and numerous others. Another treasury, The English German Anthology of Poetsedited by Pablo Laslo was distributed and secured writers distributed from 1924-1934 among whom were Teofilo D. Agcaoili, Aurelio Alvero, Horacio de la Costa, Amador T. Daguio, Salvador P. Lopez, Angela Manalang Gloria, Trinidad Tarrosa, Abelardo Subido and Jose Garcia Villa, among others. A third pre-war assortment of verse was altered via Carlos Bulosan, Chorus for America: Six Philippine Poets. The six writers in this assortment were Jose Garcia Villa, Rafael Zulueta da Costa, Rodrigo T. Feria, C. B. Meticulousness, Cecilio Baroga and Carlos Bulosan. In fiction, the time of apprenticeship in scholarly writing in English is set apart by impersonation of the style of narrating and exacting adherence to the specialty of the short story as rehearsed by well known American fictionists. Early short story journalists in English were frequently named as the Andersons or Saroyans or the Hemingways of Philippine letters. Leopoldo Yabes in his investigation of the Philippine short story in English from 1925 to 1955 focuses to these models of American fiction applying significant effect on the early works of story journalists like Francisco Arcellana, A. E. Litiatco, Paz Latorena. . At the point when the University of the Philippines was established in 1908, a first class gathering of essayists in English started to apply impact among the culturati. The U. P. Journalists Club established in 1926, had expressed that one of its points was to upgrade and engender the language of Shakespeare. In 1925, Paz Marquez Benitez short story, Dead Stars was distributed and was made the milestone of the development of the Filipino author in English. Not long after Benitez, short story journalists started distributing stories not, at this point imitative of American models. Along these lines, story authors like Icasiano Calalang, A. E. Litiatco, Arturo Rotor, Lydia Villanueva, Paz Latorena , Manuel Arguilla started distributing stories showing both talented utilization of the language and a sharp Filipino reasonableness. This blend of writing in an acquired tongue while harping on Filipino traditions and customs reserved the abstract yield of significant Filipino fictionists in English during the American time frame. In this way, the significant books of the period, for example, the Filipino Rebel, by Maximo Kalaw, and His Native Soil by Juan C. Laya, are talks on social character, nationhood and being Filipino done in the English language. Stories, for example, How My Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife by Manuel Arguilla checked the landscape just as the folkways of Ilocandia while N. V. M. Gonzales’s books and stories, for example, Children of the Ash Covered Loam, present the display of Mindoro, in the entirety of its traditions and customs while arranging its characters in the human quandary of sentimentality and destitution. Aside from Arguilla and Gonzales, noted fictionists during the period included Francisco Arcellana, whom Jose Garcia Villa praised as a virtuoso narrator, Consorcio Borje, Aida Rivera, Conrado Pedroche, Amador Daguio, Sinai Hamada, Hernando Ocampo, Fernando Maria Guerrero. Jose Garcia Villa himself composed a few short stories yet committed a large portion of his opportunity to verse. In 1936, when the Philippine Writers League was sorted out, Filipino journalists in English started talking about the estimation of writing in the public arena. Started and driven by Salvador P. Lopez, whose articles on Literature and Societyprovoked discusses, the conversation focused on lowly writing, I. e. , connected with or submitted writing versus the craftsmanship for art’s purpose artistic direction. In any case, this conversation inquisitively left out the issue of expansionism and pilgrim writing and the entire spot of artistic writing in English under a provincial set-up that was the Philippines at that point. With Salvador P. Lopez, the article in English picked up the high ground in everyday talk on legislative issues and administration. Polemicists who used to write in Spanish like Claro M. Recto, gradually began utilizing English in the conversation of recent developments even as paper dailies moved away from Spanish detailing into English. Among the writers, Federico Mangahas had a simple office with the language and the paper as type. Other noted writers during the period were Fernando Maramag, Carlos P. Romulo , Conrado Ramirez. Then again, the blooming of a dynamic abstract custom because of recorded occasions didn't by and large hamper artistic creation in the local or indigenous dialects. Actually, the early time of the twentieth century was noteworthy for the critical artistic yield of every single significant language in the different abstract class. It was during the early American time frame that rebellious plays, utilizing the type of the zarsuwela, were mounted. Zarsuwelistas Juan Abad, Aurelio Tolentino ,Juan Matapang Cruz. Juan Crisostomo Sotto mounted the works of art like Tanikalang Ginto, Kahapon, Ngayon at Bukas and Hindi Ako Patay, all coordinated against the American colonialists. Patricio Mariano’s Anak ng Dagat and Severino Reyes’s Walang Sugat are similarly momentous zarsuwelas arranged during the period. Just before World War II, Wilfredo Maria Guerrero would pick up predominance in theater through his one-demonstration plays which he visited through his versatile theater. Accordingly, Wanted a Chaperone and The Forsaken Housebecame extremely mainstream in grounds all through the archipelago. The tale in Tagalog, Iloko, Hiligaynon and Sugbuanon additionally created during the period supported to a great extent by the consistent distribution of week after week magazines like the Liwayway, Bannawag and Bisaya which serialized the books. Among the early Tagalog authors of the twentieth century were Ishmael Amado, Valeriano Hernandez Pena, Faustino Aguilar, Lope K. Santos and Lazaro Francisco. Ishmael Amado’s Bulalakaw ng Pag-asa distributed in 1909 was perhaps the soonest novel that managed the topic of American colonialism in the Philippines. The tale, in any case, was not discharged from the print machine until 1916, at which time, the creator, by his own affirmation and subsequent to having been sent as a pensionado to the U. S. , had different thoughts separated from those he wrote in the novel. Valeriano Hernandez Pena’s Nena at Neneng portrays the narrative of two ladies who happened to be best of companions as they adapt to their associations with the men in their lives. Nena prevails in her wedded life while Neneng experiences a turbulent marriage as a result of her envious spouse. Faustino Aguilar distributed Pinaglahuan, an adoration triangle set in the early long stretches of the century when the laborers development was being shaped. The novel’s legend, Luis Gatbuhay, is a specialist in a printery who isimprisoned for an unfounded allegation and loses his affection, Danding, to his opponent Rojalde, child of a well off industrialist. Lope K. Santos, Banaag at Sikat has nearly a similar topic and theme as the saint of the novel, Delfin, likewise becomes hopelessly enamored with a rich lady, girl of an affluent landowner. The romantic tale obviously is set likewise inside the foundation of advancement of the worker’s worker's organization development and all through the novel, Santos connects with the perusers in protracted treatises and talks on communism and free enterprise. Numerous other Tagalog writers composed on varieties of a similar subject, I. e. , the interchange of destiny, love and social equity. Among these essayists are Inigo Ed Regalado, Roman Reyes, Fausto J. Galauran, Susana de Guzman, Rosario de Guzman-Lingat, Lazaro Francisco, Hilaria Labog, Rosalia Aguinaldo, Amado V. Hernandez. A large number of these authors had the option to deliver at least three books as Soledad Reyes would substantiate in her book which is the consequence of her thesis,

The Relationship Between Agoraphobia and Social Anxiety

The Relationship Between Agoraphobia and Social Anxiety Social Anxiety Disorder Related Conditions Print The Relationship Between Agoraphobia and Social Anxiety By Arlin Cuncic Arlin Cuncic, MA, is the author of Therapy in Focus: What to Expect from CBT for Social Anxiety Disorder and 7 Weeks to Reduce Anxiety. Learn about our editorial policy Arlin Cuncic Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 29, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 19, 2019 Social Anxiety Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Don Bayley/E/Getty Images You may have heard that agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder are closely connected and thats true. What have we learned about the similarities and differences between these disorders as well as how often they occur together? The Relationship Agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder are interrelated in many ways. In order to understand this, its helpful to talk about the definition of these disorders, how the two may differ, and how to tell them apart. That said, many people have both agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder, a phenomenon referred to in medicine as comorbidity. Lets take a look at what weve learned about the interaction of these two conditions. Association With Panic Attacks and Panic Disorder Agoraphobia is typically thought of as the fear of leaving your home. While it is true that many people with agoraphobia are housebound, agoraphobia actually refers to the fear of being in situations or places from which escape would be difficult or embarrassing in the event of a panic attack. In a sense, it can be thought of as having a fear of having a panic attack. Agoraphobia usually leads to the avoidance of specific places such as crowds, automobiles, buses, trains, elevators, and bridges. In addition, people with agoraphobia may fear leaving the house alone. Most people with agoraphobia are better able to cope if in the company of a trusted companion. Although agoraphobia can be diagnosed without panic disorder, over 95 percent of people diagnosed with agoraphobia also have a diagnosis of panic disorder. Agoraphobia most often occurs in conjunction with panic disorder. When agoraphobia is diagnosed without panic disorder, severe anxiety is experienced but not to the degree that it constitutes a panic attack. Panic Attack Types and Symptoms How They Differ Although both agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder (SAD) can involve the fear of public places, people with SAD feel anxiety only in situations where scrutiny by others may occur. For example, being on an elevator alone or in a car alone would not be uncomfortable. While people with agoraphobia usually feel better in the company of a trusted companion, people with social anxiety disorder  may feel worse because of potential scrutiny by the companion as well. Social Anxiety Disorder: Diagnosis and Treatment Agoraphobia Fear of leaving house Fear of having a panic attack in public places Feel better with trusted companion SAD Fear of public places Fear of situations where scrutiny by others may occur Feel worse with trusted companion due to fear of scrutiny Comorbidity When it is difficult to distinguish between the anxiety of agoraphobia and SAD, it may be that both diagnoses apply. Results of an older National Comorbidity Survey conducted in the United States showed a correlation of .68 between diagnoses of agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder, meaning that the two disorders occurred together around 68 percent of the time. More recent studies have found that major depression is often a comorbidity as well. Some studies suggest that having both disorders together is more common in women than in men and that when both disorders are present, the course tends to be more severe. Studies comparing the particular neurophysiological pathways in the brain with different anxiety disorders have found a close correlation between pathways in agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder, though these differ somewhat from those involved in other anxiety disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder. Coping There are effective treatments that can help with symptoms of agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder and there is considerable overlap. Ways of managing agoraphobia and treatments for social anxiety disorder can often help with the other condition as well, although treatments such as systemic desensitization and others are used primarily with agoraphobia. This underlines the importance of an accurate diagnosis and the care of a psychotherapist with who you feel comfortable. What to Know About Psychotherapy A Word From VeryWell Agoraphobia and social anxiety are closely related conditions but have some important differences in the causes of the symptoms. With agoraphobia, it is the fear of enclosed places, transportation, and leaving home that leads to isolation, but the primary fear is that of having a panic attack when exposed to those circumstances. In contrast, with social anxiety disorder, it is the exposure to people that leads to emotional and sometimes physical distress. Whereas a person with agoraphobia often welcomes a companion, this is not the case with social anxiety disorder. That said, agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder frequently occur together, and this is thought to occur more than half the time. When this happens, the symptoms appear to be more severe than if one of these conditions were present. Fortunately, treatments are available for both disorders, which can help to get to the base of the problem and restore a persons life.

Joseph The Dreamer A Byronic Hero - 993 Words

Joseph The Dreamer Chandler lays out the characteristics of a Byronic Hero in his essay â€Å"The Simple Art of Murder†, defining a Byronic Hero as the type of person who is either: intelligent, cunning, ruthless, arrogant, depressive, violent, self-aware, emotionally or intellectually tortured, traumatized, highly emotional, manipulative, self-serving, spiritually doubtful, reckless or suicidal, prone to bursts of anger, prone to substance abuse, dedicated to pursuing matters of justice over matters of legality, given to self-destructive impulses, or sexually appealing. The clearest definition of a person like this, in biblical times, is none other than Joseph â€Å"The Dreamer†. Joseph fills the definition of a Byronic Hero, and it all starts at his birth. Joseph was the only son of his father Jacob and mother Rachel, a miracle because of their age. Joseph was immediately favored by his father Jacob, and his brothers were very jealous. One day, while his brothers were out in the field caring for the sheep, Joseph approached them and told of his dream. â€Å"We were in the field tying bundles of wheat together. My bundle stood up, and your bundles of wheat gathered around it and bowed down to it† (Genesis 37:7). Hearing this, his brothers began to hate him even more. Joseph soon had another dream, which he presented to his brothers, saying â€Å"Listen, I had another dream. I saw the sun, moon, and eleven stars bowing down to me† (Genesis 37:9). Joseph’s brother immediately became

Engineering An Essential Pillar For Industrial And...

Engineering has always been an essential pillar for industrial and technical development. Engineering is what keeps our people moving and up-to-date with technology. It is a satisfying career, both financially and mentally. The objective of this assignment is to interview a practicing Engineer who has worked or is working in the area of project management. This assignment provides a glance for future engineers into the daily routine of a professional and experienced Engineer, and the approach he/she pursued in order to arrive at the position they presently occupy. I recently interviewed Saeed Salim, a project manager at Al Barrak Electrical Contracting Company, located in United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi. Saeed is my dad’s friend. On†¦show more content†¦He was supervising the installation of overhead lines and high voltage substations. Everything was new for him, and he had to adapt to the various changes he encountered in U.A.E. After ten years of working in the Water and Electricity department, Saeed received another job offer in a private company named AL Barrak Electrical Contracting Company, where he was offered a project manager position, which is his current position as well. He was more comfortable working with the second company, as this opportunity allowed him to combine the technical aspects of a position with management duties. Working in Al Barrak, he is capable of designing, maintaining and developing electrical control systems and components to certain specifications, concentrating on economy, quality, and sustainability. He is involved in projects from the idea and detail of the specified design through to implementation, testing and handover. He is also involved in projects that require people in his field to work as a team. The team would usually include engineers from other specialist areas, as well as marketing staff, technicians and manufacturers. He sometimes works with representatives f rom client organizations. Working in a different company, Saeed had to take a bigger responsibility and work harder to prove himself and show that he is capable of facingShow MoreRelated2. Literature Review. 2.1 Introduction. The Literature1461 Words   |  6 PagesChinese automobile industry’s development and the Volkswagen Group (VW) in particular. The role of Government and the Open Door Policy, foreign direct investment (FDI) from VW, Resource-based Theory are the main issues that will be discussed in the following chapter. I have chosen these elements because they are essentials factors to the Chinese automobile industry. 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Natural Law jurisprudence automatically lends Free Essays

Natural law has become quite diverse foci for theories concerning human conduct, not only placing diverse requirements on the theorist, but requirements which appear to be at cross purposes. Natural law can be kept for an important, but narrow problem: the enunciation of some basic human goods or needs that any system of positive law should respect, promote, or in any case protect (William Blackstone, 1979). Theorizing concerning natural law and virtue, therefore, can be sharply famed for reasons. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Law jurisprudence automatically lends or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the whole, for the reason of the demise of the older teleological view of nature that allowed theorists like Aquinas to correlate the analogous meanings of law and nature around the matter of natural inclinations. These inclinations, on Aquinas’ view, are the soil for both virtues and the first principle of the natural law. The reason of law as well as the nurturing of the habits takes their bearing from a pre-given teleological order. Aquinas comes as near as he ever comes to a description of law in the claim that ‘Law is nothing else than an ordinance of reason for the common good, made by him who has the care of the community, and promulgated’ (Thomas Aquinas, 1988). This general definition is followed by a peculiarity between the three kinds of law–eternal, natural, and human. Now, it might seem that on its own Aquinas’s categorization as applied to the specific case of human law would produce an essentially positivistic view of human law. We can obviously understand God as having care of the ideal community, and as propagating ordinances of reason for the common good of that community. We can make sense of the thought (even if we reject it) that ‘Nature’ likewise works for the ‘common good’ of only ‘natural’ things, a standard teleological theory of biology might assert something like that. But, it can be said, the obvious way to understand the description in the case of human law is in terms of a ruler, or whoever is designated as lawmaker by the rule of respect, promulgating laws in terms of the lawmaker’s discernment of the good of the community. As Aquinas said, â€Å"Human laws should be proportionate to the common good† (Thomas Aquinas, 1988, Q. 96 A. 1). ‘Nature’ designates not simply the quiddities of things, the formal cause that which makes a thing what it is but more significantly the finality governing completions. Right reason, on the conventional teleological view of natural law, cannot mean simply judgment agreed with natural values, but judgment in accord with what completes these values. As the older teleological theories allowed natural law analysis to play both roles–to expound the goods embedded in human actions as well as their completions-the modern denunciation of teleological thinking guarantees that a natural law principle of recta ratio should restrict itself to discourse concerning natural goods or values (Joel Feinberg, 1986). Natural law theory in its traditional form was entwined with the realist metaphysics of customary natural philosophy. It sought to give a kind of correspondence to the real that would explicate what makes moral sentences true. The idea seemed reasonable so long as natural philosophy conceived of the universe in a moralized, teleological fashion. But while the teleological cosmos gave way to the distant and infinite universe of modern science, scientific and ethical realism leaned to break apart, and ethical theorists disposed toward realism had to work hard at finding something properly real and natural for moral sentences to correspond to. In this context, scientific realists frequently looked upon their ethical counterparts with distrust, and diverse forms of anti-realism were anticipated for ethics. The new plausibility of anti-realism in ethical theory resultant from the sense that the world, as presently understood, was capable to do something for scientific sentences that it was incapable to do for moral sentences that is, make them true. Several theorists decided that something less cosmological, something having to do with human nature or realistic reason or collective inter subjectivity, would have to be substituted for the customary correspondence relation if the idea of moral truth was to be retained. Some of the resultant programmes, called themselves natural law theories, but they were hardly of the traditional kind. Ethical anti-realists including both scientific realists and empiricists–began arguing with one another over whether the idea of moral truth must be redefined or dropped altogether. There arose new forms of ethical pragmatism (such as intuitionism, utilitarianism, and value theory) to start the third side of the triangular debate. Meanwhile, traditional natural law theory became ever more nostalgic in tone and idealistic in performance. It was treated more and more frivolously by the anti-realist opposition as an exemplification of some moderately obvious fallacy and by its realist successors as an appealing relic from a pre-scientific age. It is high time for moral philosophy to reorganize its relation to the philosophy of science. If Fine (an imminent philosopher)and others like him have appropriately diagnosed the debates over fact endemic to the latter, and the recognizable philosophical pictures of science deserve rejection, then those pictures can no longer give out as fixed points of assessment and contrast for the analysis of moral discourse. Doubts of the form, ‘But what could there be for moral sentences to correspond to?’ and ‘What would it be to examine that murder is wrong?’ lose an implication they once had. If philosophers of science follow Fine’s advice and stop asking the issue of what sort of relation to a special something makes a set sentence true, the old reasons for wondering what on earth (or in heaven) could make a moral sentence true will disintegrate. And in their absence, the normal language user’s disposition to say ‘It’s true that murder is wrong’ will seem entirely in order–which is to say, neither metaphysically tainted by philosophical pragmatism nor in require of being taken at something other than face value. The natural ontological attitude is to take science and its feature uses of ‘true’ at face value, without the overlie of philosophical interpretation provided by something grander than evocative anthropology. This attitude promises to fall apart the triangular debate in which natural law theory participates and to reinstate moral discourse to respectability. The threat of adverse contrasts with science disappears–and together with it the rationale for viewing natural law theory as a courtly knight defending the honor of morality against its profligate modern detractors. Indeed, the line of demarcation between science and ethics begins to disappear. Thus the natural ontological attitude is fundamentally at odds with the temperament that looks for explicit boundaries demarcating science from pseudoscience, or that is liable to award the title â€Å"scientific† like a blue ribbon on a prize goat’ (Arthur Fine, 1986). While Fine’s attitude is applied to ethics, it leans not only to restore one’s confidence in moral truth but also to recuperate the thought that moral and scientific truth are inseparably entwined. Not as the teleological cosmos has been reconstituted. One reason is that when we try to abstain from big pictures and instead try to make sense of science in the grained way, it will become not viable to avoid evaluating the human purposes, virtues, communities, and social consequences that form in the stories of scientific endeavors. Another reason is that it once all over again becomes natural to divulge that moral truths depend (though not in the systemic and deductive way natural lawyers have at times claimed) on what the world and human beings are indeed like. If it were not true, for example, that members of our species have a inclination to bleed and experience pain when cut, definite acts that is cruel and ferocious would not be. If firing nuclear missiles caused no more damage than a large grenade, numerous sentences belonging to the ethics of war would change truth values. Counterfactuals like these conserve what is worth saving from the natural law principle of the ordo quem ratio non-facit (Russell Hittinger, 1889). Thus, we can say that natural law jurisprudence routinely lends itself to the teleological approach as it relies considerably on institutional moral reasoning. Moral reasoning is concerning the evaluation and development of existing institutions requires that we recognize the goals the institutions are to serve. Institutions are human creations that must to serve human purposes, and they can be made more effectual in serving those purposes by changes that human beings can make (Martin Dixon Robert McCorquodale, 1986). Though institutions usually are not formed deliberately, once we assume to evaluate them morally we come to consider them as if they were relics designed to achieve certain goals. To the degree that moral reasoning concerning institutions is guided by the goals the institutions in question are to provide, institutional reasoning may be called teleological. For instance, we appraise institutions of criminal justice in part by seeing how well they attain the goal of deterrence. But to say that a goal of the criminal justice system is anticipation is hardly informative unless we know what kind of behavior we are trying to deter. At least for generally liberal theories, the goal of protecting individual rights plays a main role in determining what kind of behavior to try to deter. So underlining that institutional reasoning should be teleological in the sense of being concerned with goals is not contrary with taking rights seriously. Natural law takes rights fatally is therefore teleological in the sense that it regards the protection of rights as placing restrictions on efforts to exploit the achievement of even the most commendable goals (Martin Dixon , 1993). The natural law of an existing or proposed institution needs evaluating the rules that partly comprise the institution (DJ Harris, 1991). These rules set patterns of behavior to be followed by many individuals as they interrelate over time. To find out whether the institution is in fact supporting the achievement of its goals, it is therefore essential to consider both the collective effects of large numbers of people acting on a particular rule and the interactions of the cumulative effects of conformity with the other rules the institution includes. For this reason natural law needs attention to incentives. Certain combination of rules, each of which can seem appropriate when measured in isolation, may create incentives that prevent institutional goals. At a minimum, rules must not be self-defeating in this way. Rules that give incentives that are not only consistent with, but actually promote, behavior that puts in to the attainment of institutional goals are preferable to those that do not, other things being one and the same. References: Arthur Fine, The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism and the Quantum Theory ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986) DJ Harris, Cases and Materials on International Law Fourth Edition, (London: Sweet and Maxwell, 1991). Joel Feinberg, Harm to Self (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 87–94 Martin Dixon Robert McCorquodale, Cases and Materials on International Law (4th ed., Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press/Blackstone Press, 2003). Martin Dixon, Textbook on International Law, 2nd ed. (London: Blackstone Press, 1993). Russell Hittinger, â€Å"‘Varieties of Minimalist Natural Law'†, American Journal of Jurisprudence, 34 (1989). Sir William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 1979). Thomas Aquinas, On Law, Morality and Politics (Indianapolis, 1988), Q. 90 A. 4. How to cite Natural Law jurisprudence automatically lends, Essay examples

Internet Identity Essays - Virtual Reality, Cyberspace, Identity

Internet Identity It is certain that the Internet impacts a person`s sense of identity. As humans, we are live by language, and as an Internet user, one submits himself to an existence that is pure language: written, audio, and visual language. This reality, distilled down to pure language, is appealing to most people. There is no violence online. There are no social expression norms. A person can be, say, or do precisely as he chooses. More than 131 million people populate the Internet. Why is VR so attractive? When a person is born, many things are decided for him. No one is asked if their name or visage adequately describes his person or psyche. His genetic makeup is created from that already contained in his parents, and they dress and feed him with things they personally enjoy. It is many years later before he can begin to make decisions about who he is, and by then, so much has been laid down as factual evidence to the content of his character. The Internet has now permeated our society. Someone can decide who they are at the beginning of a new life, to be reborn in cyberspace. There is the issue of naming oneself, to feel inside and find what makes someone himself. When one signs up with any Internet Service Provider, the first thing it will ask is for his new name. In *1*The Matrix*1* Mr. Anderson named himself Neo: "New" and also an anagram for the "One" he truly was. There is now also the ability to visualize the image of self and present that as an avatar in a visual virtual environment, a step up from nomenclature and font color self-expression. Deciding what one looks like as an imaginary character is also interesting, and like naming oneself it can be good psychotherapy. These are used in elaborate chat rooms where participants immerse themselves in whole new worlds, and where identity is defined by images and one's own character description. As in a story, dialogue will also define a character, virtual or otherwise. Your words are your deeds, your words are your body, says *2*Sherry Turkle*2*. There are even thousands of sites that offer self-inspection quizzes to help people define themselves in a few short questions. What is clear is that the Internet fluidly becomes an extension of the self, and can play an important role in defining our identities. Walt Whitman discusses childlike identity changes with, "A child went forth every day/And the first object he look'd upon/That object he became." In real life (RL) people are told what to do and where to be and how to do so. There are social norms that presume to inhibit our opinions. That is culture. Yet in Cyberspace, the immaterial existence of virtual reality (VR), people become in many ways, the masters of themselves and writers of the universe. How can that not be seen as more appealing?